[The General Introduction and Textual Introduction will appear here]
Occurrence: R.60.
Comment: No occurrences of this term from this period could be located anywhere other than this recipe book. Based on its location in the book and the nature of the recipe itself, this seems to be a cream-based dessert.
[James McCoull]
Occurrence: R.8, R.9, R.15, R.16, R.60.
Comment: Preceding the introduction of Imperial Standard in 1824, units of measurement often differed depending on regional preference. Carl Ricketts associates an 18 fluid ounce pint with the Newcastle-upon-Tyne area (Marks and Marking of Weights and Measures of the British Isles, 1996, p. 96). An 18 fluid ounce pint is equivilent to 511.43535ml.
[Amy Moore-Holmes]
Definition: ‘A wax-like substance of marbled ashy colour, found floating in tropical seas, and as a morbid secretion in the intestines of the sperm-whale. It is odoriferous and used in perfumery; formerly in cookery’ (OED: ‘ambergris’, n.).
Comment: Formerly used in cookery, but more often in perfumery (Ken Albata, Cooking in Europe 1250-1650, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2006, p. 4).
[Anja-Grace Schulp]
Occurrence: R.59.
Comment: The meaning of this word is unclear within the context of this recipe. See the note on ‘natus’.
[Julia Walton]
Occurrence: R.64.
Definition: ‘Smyrian. To anoint, to smeare’, Vocabularium Saxonicum, Laurence Nowell (1567) (Source: LEME).
Example: ‘and the ioyce is good to anoint sores therwith’, Banckes's Herbal, Anonymous (1525) (Source: LEME).
[Lauren Sainsbury]
Definition: ‘At a pace, i.e. at a considerable or good pace; hence, with speed; swiftly, quickly, fast’ (OED: ‘apase’, adv.).
Example: ‘And after this mad fellow rides apase’, Orlando furioso in English heroical verse, by Sr Iohn Haringto[n] of Bathe Knight, Ariosto, Lodovico (1607) (Source: EEBO).
[Christina Dixon]
Occurence: R.67,R.68, R.82, R.84, R.85, R.91, R.100, R.109, R.111.
Definition: ‘Oblong, red, sharply acid berries’ (OED: ‘barberry | barbarry’, n.1).
Example: ‘The Barbery-Bush, whose berries are for the most part without stones’ The history of plants, fruits, herbs and flowers, William Coles (1657) (Source: LEME)
[Bethany Crisp]
Comment: The form ‘berley’ reflects a regional pronunciation of ‘barley’. A common ingredient of the period, barley further appears in multiple medicinal recipes.
Example: ‘The Leavs bruised and applied with Barley Meal to watering Eyes that are hot and inflamed by defluxions from the Head, doth very much help them, as also the Fluxes of Blood or Humors’, The English Physician, Nicholas Culpeper (1652), p. 56 (Source: LEME).
[Amy Moore-Holmes]
Occurrence: R.2.
Comment: ‘Best milk’ refers to the physical quality of the milk in terms of its smell, taste, consistency, etc.
Example: ‘the milk at the latter end of the Spring is best, by how much the thiner it be, and more Serous by so much it is the easier concocted, and sooner passeth through the belly, and obstructs least, but nourisheth less, to know the best milk, it is of a good smel, and sweet to the taste, of a middle consistence, ne[...]ther too thick, nor too thin, neither Serous nor Caseous, too much of a white colour which yields good Aliment, and that plentifully and constantly enough’, Every man his own doctor in two parts, John Archer (1671) (Source: EEBO).
[James McCoull]
Occurrence: R.22.
Comment: ‘biuten[?]’, possibly a misspelling or alternate spelling of ‘birchen’. Peeled birchen rods were often used as whisks in order to beat the syllabub or posset to the correct consistancy. See the note on ‘birch rod’.
Example: ‘Beat [...] in a bason with a Birchen rod till it come to froth’, The Queens Delight; OR, The Art of Preserving, Conserving and Candying, W.M. (London: E. Tyler and R. Holt, 1671), p. 12.
[Sarah France]
Occurrence: R.39.
Comment: ‘brich’ in the manuscript appears to be an alternate spelling or misspelling of ‘birch’. See the note on ‘birch’.
Example: ‘take the curd of that posset, and put it into a bason, with the yolks and whites of six egges, seasoned with a little nutmeg, and so beat with a birch rod, untill you have beaten the posset curd and egges well together’, Excellent and approved receipts and experiments in cookery, Sir Theodore Turquet de Mayerne (1658) (Source: EEBO).
[Lois Campbell-Dixon]
Occurrence: R.97.
Definition: ‘A plant (Stachys betonica) of the Labiate order, having spiked purple flowers and ovate crenate leaves. In former days medicinal and magical virtues were attributed to it’ (OED: ‘betony’, n.).
Example: ‘If you intend to cure all kinds of Agues you must take notice under what planet the patient is most afflicted, whether under Saturn or under Mars or both as I have else|where expressed in this book, and so make choice of herbs accordingly: rosemary, lovage, camomil, rue, centaury, southernwood, wood-bitany, sage, vervain’, Blagraves astrological practice of physick discovering the true way to cure all kinds of diseases and infirmities, Joseph Blagrave (1671) (Source: EEBO).
[Shannon Richardson-Hall]
Occurrence: R.60.
Comment: No occurrences of this term from this period could be located anywhere other than in this recipe book, suggesting that this is possibly a colloquial or regional name. Given the context, it is likely that this refers to a solid substance forming in or on the top of milk.
[James McCoull]
Occurrence: R.68.
Definition: ‘A small pointed instrument, of bone, ivory, or steel, used for piercing holes in cloth, etc’ (OED: ‘bodkin’, n.2).
Example: ‘a sharp pointed Knife, or Bodkin, or for want of both’, The gentleman's compleat jockey with the perfect horseman, and experienced farrier, A.S. Gent (1697) (Source: EEBO).
[Lauren Sainsbury]
Occurrence: R.47.
Definition: (a) ‘borage’, ‘The common British species (‘Borago officinalis’), which has bright blue flowers, and stem and leaves covered with prickly hairs; it was formerly much esteemed as a cordial, and is still largely used in making ‘cool tankard’, claret cup, etc.’ (OED: ‘borage’, n.); (b) ‘bugloss’, ‘Any of several hairy herbaceous plants of the family Boraginaceae, typically with blue flowers, esp. those of the genera ‘Anchusa’ (as the small annual ‘A. arvensis’ of Europe) and ‘Echium’ [...] 1542 A. Borde Compend. Regyment Helth, The rootes of Borage and Buglosse’ (OED: ‘bugloss’, n.).
[Emily Carroll]
Definition: ‘The compact round or conical head of thick, short-stemmed, typically green leaves, formed by numerous cultivated varieties of the plant ‘Brassica oleracea’ (family Brassicaceae), commonly eaten as a vegetable; the plant producing such a head’ (OED: ‘cabbage’, n1.1.a).
Example: ‘the great ordinary Cabbage knowne every where, and as commonly eaten all over this kingdome’, The Herbal or General History of Plants, Thomas Johnson (1633), p. 42 (Source: LEME).
[Amy Moore-Holmes]
Occurrence: R.42.
Definition: ‘a sweet fortified white wine produced in the Canary Islands.’ (OED: ‘Canary’, n1, 2. ‘Canary sack’).
Comment: See the note on ‘sack’.
[Lois Campbell-Dixon]
Definition: ‘An umbelliferous plant (‘Carum carui’) its small fruits, commonly called ‘caraway-seeds’, are aromatic and carminative; they are used in cakes, sweetmeats, etc.’ (OED: ‘caraway’, n.1, ‘caraway-seed’, n.). ‘Caraway Seeds are of European origin’, (K. F. Kiple, The Cambridge World History of Food, Vol.1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 432).
[Julia Walton]
Occurrence: R.69.
Definition: ‘The foot of a calf; hence, calves-foot jelly’ (OED: ‘calf's foot | calves-foot’, n.1).
Example: ‘gellie is a thickened, viscous, lucid juicie substance; it is commonly made of the cartilaginous parts of animals boiled, as of calves feet’, A Physical Dictionary, Steven Blankaart (1684) (Source: LEME).
[Lauren Sainsbury]
Definition: ‘Formerly: a tart or pie containing a mixture originally including cheese, later usually curds or cream, eggs, sugar, butter, and various flavourings’ (OED: ‘cheesecake’, n.1).
Example: ‘to bake, Cheesekakes and Custards in’, The confession of the new married couple, A. Marsh (1683) (Source: EEBO).
[Emily Carroll]
Occurrence: R.63.
Comment: ‘jockalet’, an alternative spelling of ‘chocolate’, likely based on the similar sounds of ‘ch’ and ‘j’ when said aloud. Other forms of this error can be found from this time, such as ‘jacolat’, ‘jocalat’, and ‘jocklat’. (On the various possible spellings, see OED: ‘chocolate’, n. and adj.)
[James McCoull]
Occurrence: R.99.
Definition: ‘The hip or fruit of the wild-rose’ (OED: ‘choop | choup’, n.).
[Shannon Richardson-Hall]
Occurrence: R.14.
Definition: ‘To agitate milk or cream in a churn so as to make butter; to produce butter thus’ (OED: ‘churn’, v.1.a).
[Emily Burns]
Occurrence: R.106.
Definition: ‘to put or stick together, construct or put up, hastily or without much care’, (OED: ‘clap’, 13.a).
[Steph Tebay-Moran]
Occurrence: R.106.
Comment: ‘Another word for or misspelling of cloth’.
[Steph Tebay-Moran]
Definition: ‘A variety of apple, in shape elongated and rather tapering towards the eye, having several modern sub-varieties, as Kentish Codling, Keswick Codling, etc.’ (OED: ‘codling’ | ‘codlin’, n2.1.a).
[Lois Campbell-Dixon]
Occurrence: R.50.
Definition: there are two potential relevant meanings for this word. (1) ‘A mould of paste for a pie; the crust of a pie’ (OED: ‘coffin’, n.4.a). (2) ‘A pie-dish or mould’ (OED: ‘coffin’, n.4.b).
Example: ‘butter, and put it into the Coffin, and so let it bake’, A book of cookrye Very necessary for all such as delight therin, gathered by A.W. (1591) (Source: EEBO).
[Emily Carroll]
Occurrence: R.26, R.42, R.43, R.48, R.49.
Comment: The manuscript uses the form ‘crud’, an archaic form of ‘curd’. ‘Middle English ‘crud’ (also ‘crod’) is found first in 14th cent.; the form ‘curd’ is known from 15th cent.’ (OED: ‘curd’, n., etymology).
[Lois Campbell-Dixon]
Occurrence: R.48.
Definition: Loaf made from curd, yeast, eggs and flour; can be sweetened with sugar and ginger.
[Emily Carroll]
Occurrence: R.13, R.27, R.62, R.92, R.103, R.105, R.112, R.115, R.118, R.122.
Comment: A very popular ingredient in confection at this time, occurring in at least 53 texts recovered from the period (Source: EEBO). ‘Refining’ refers to the industrial process by which sugar cane is transformed into white crystalline granules. Refined (i.e. white) sugar is often considered preferable for taste, and is typically the kind of sugar used in baking. As sugar cannot be refined beyond this purity, it is possible that ‘double refined’ actually refers to the fineness of the granules rather than the industrial process itself; ‘double refined sugar’ may have been something akin to icing sugar in the present day.
[James McCoull]
Occurrence: R.49.
Definition: ‘A substance used for curdling milk; rennet’, ‘now rare, regional in later use’ (OED: ‘earning’, n2.1).
[Emily Carroll]
Occurrence: R.15.
Definition: ‘The candied root of the Sea Holly (‘Eryngium maritimum’), formerly used as a sweetmeat, and regarded as an aphrodisiac’ (OED: ‘eryngo’, n.; 2. ‘attrib., esp. eryngo-root’).
[Emily Burns]
Occurrence: R.13.
Definition: ‘A bundle of sticks, twigs, or small branches of trees bound together: a. for use as fuel’ (OED: ‘faggot’ | ‘fagot’, n.1).
[Amy Moore-Holmes]
Occurrence: R.89,
Definition: ‘The fruit or nut of the cultivated hazel’ (OED: ‘filbert’, n.).
[Christina Dixon]
Occurrence: R.24.
Definition: ‘A dish composed of fruit stewed, crushed, and mixed with milk, cream, or custard’ (OED: ‘fool’, n2.2).
[Sarah France]
Occurrence: R.7.
Definition: (1) ‘A dish made of hulled wheat boiled in milk, and seasoned with cinnamon, sugar, etc.’ (OED: ‘frumenty’ | ‘furmety’, n.1). (2) Samuel Johnson defines ‘frumenty’ as ‘food made by boiling wheat in milk’, A Dictionary of the English Language (1755), p. 876 (Source: LEME).
[Amy Moore-Holmes]
Definition: ‘A small earthen glazed pot, esp. one used by apothecaries for ointments and medicines’, (OED: ‘gallipot’, 1.a)
[Steph Tebay-Moran]
Occurrence: Contents.
Definition: ‘A kind of wide loose hose or breeches; trousers’ (OED: ‘gaskin’, n1.1).
Example: ‘they should put him into a strait pair of Gaskins, 'twere worse than knot-grass, he would never grow after it’, Fifty comedies and tragedies written by Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher, Francis Beaumont (1679) (Source: EEBO).
[James McCoull]
Definition: ‘A measure for liquids, containing one fourth of a standard pint’ (OED: ‘gill’, n3.1.a).
Comment: In modern recipes, ‘teacup’ is generally used to refer to approximately this quantity of liquid.
[James McCoull]
Occurrence: R.111.
Definition: ‘Ice. on a glace: frozen’ (OED: ‘glace’).
[Ryan De Leon]
Occurrence: Contents.
Definition: A kind of medicinal concoction, apparently used during and/or after pregnancy (thought not exclusively for this purpose).
Example: (1) ‘About four or five dayes after the birth, you may use a gentle Glister of half a pound of Sallade oyle, with a quartern of Barly boyled in broth, with two ounces of Sugar, with the yolke of an Egg, beaten together’, Queen Elizabeth's closset of physical secrets, A.M. (1656) (Source: EEBO). (2) ‘The Cure is to be begun with opening a Vein, a Glyster (if need be) being first administred’, The sick-mans rare jewel..., A. B. (1674) (Source: EEBO).
[James McCoull]
Occurrence: R.9, R.113, R.114, R.125.
Definition: A grain is a unit of measurement equivalent to approximately 0.0648 gram (OxfordDictionaries.com, ‘grain’, n.3).
[Amy Moore-Holmes]
Occurrence: R.52.
Definition: (a) ‘hart’, ‘The male of the deer, esp. of the red deer; a stag; spec. a male deer after its fifth year’ (OED: ‘hart’, n.a); (b) ‘hartshorn’, ‘The horn or antler of a hart; the substance obtained by rasping, slicing, or calcining the horns of harts [...] 1747 H. Glasse Art of Cookery xvi. 146’ (OED: ‘hartshorn’, n.1)
Example: ‘Take what quantity you please of Harts|horn, the like of Izing-glass and Dates, the same of sliced Figs and Prunes, to half a pound of the aforesaid ingredients put a pound of Sugar, of Cinamon and Ginger each half an ounce, a quarter of mace,’, The English and French Cook, Anon. (Oxford: Bodleian Library, 1674), p. 271 (Source: EEBO).
[Julia Walton]
Occurrence: R.54.
Definition: ‘Applied to other things likened to a hedgehog [...] f. A dish in cookery [...] 1723 J. Nott Cook's & Confectioner's Dict. sig. Q5, Almonds, ..Eggs, ..Cream, ..Butter ..stirring, till it is stiff enough to be made in the Form of a Hedge-hog; then stick it full of blanch'd Almonds, ..like the Bristles of a Hedge-hog’ (OED: ‘hedgehog’, n.4).
[Julia Walton]
Occurrence: R.55.
Comment: ‘The Heron family were granted a Baronacy in Hadstone, Northumberland from the 12th-13th Century’, Northumberland Families Vol. 1, W. Percy Hedley, (Gateshead, Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, Northumberland Press Ltd. 1968), p. 30.
[Julia Walton]
Occurrence: R.58.
Comment: The Holand apron comes from a style of traditional dress worn in the Netherlands which was first developed in the 16th and 17th centuries. (W. Bruhn and M. Tilke, A pictorial history of costume, New York: Arch Cape Press, 1988, p. 145.)
[Julia Walton]
Definition: ‘A firm whitish semitransparent substance (being a comparatively pure form of gelatin) obtained from the sounds or air-bladders of some fresh-water fishes, esp. the sturgeon; used in cookery for making jellies, etc., also for clarifying liquors, in the manufacture of glue, and for other purposes’ (OED: ‘isinglass’, n.1).
Example: ‘Take halfe a pound of small Almonds, beat them, and strayne them with Rose water, and sweet Milk from the Cow, and put into it two or three pieces of large Mace, one graine of Musk, two ounces of Isinglasse’, A Book of fruits and flovvers, Anon. (1653) (Source: EEBO).
[Emily Burns]
Occurrence: R.5.
Comment: Throughout the manuscript, Jane Loraine signs the bottom of various pages in this fashion. More information on Jane Loraine can be found in the Jane Loraine: What We Know section of the introduction.
[James McCoull]
Definition: ‘A kind of fine sweet cake or biscuit, often made up in the form of rings and rolls.’ (OED: ‘jumbal’).
[Ryan De Leon]
Occurrence: R.88, R.112, R.114.
Definition: ‘A seed; esp. the seed contained within any fruit; the pip of an apple or similar fruit; a grape-stone.’ (OED: ‘kernel’, n.1).
[Christina Dixon]
Occurrence: R.10.
Definition: ‘Sugar refined and moulded into a loaf or conical mass’ (OED: ‘loaf-sugar’, n.).
[Amy Moore-Holmes]
Occurrence: R.8, R.9, R.16, R.35, R.37, R.38, R.41, R.43, R.45, R.46, R.56, R.66, R.114.
Definition: ‘An aromatic spice consisting of the fleshy aril or covering surrounding the seed in the fruit of the nutmeg tree, ‘Myristica fragrans’, dried and used (chiefly in powdered form) to flavour savoury dishes, sauces, etc. (the kernel of the seed being the source of nutmeg)’ (OED: ‘mace’, n1.1).
Comment: Additionally used in medicinal recipes.
Example: ‘a Decoration of the Flowers in Wine with a little Nutmeg or Mace put therin, and drunk often in a day, &, is an approved Remedy to bring down Womens Courses speedily, and helpeth to expel the dead Birth and Afterbirth’, The English Physician, Nicholas Culpeper, 1652, p. 50 (Source: LEME).
[Amy Moore-Holmes]
Definition: ‘Wheaten bread of the finest quality’ (OED: ‘manchet’, n.1.a).
Example: (1) ‘take a little sugar, and Sinamon, and a few crums of manchet bread’, A book of cookyre Very necessary for all such as delight therin, gathered by A.W. (1591) (Source: EEBO). (2) ‘make sauce with some thin slices of Manchet of grated bread’, The Court and kitchin of Elizabeth by Anon. (1664) (Source: EEBO).
[Lois Campbell-Dixon]
Comment: An alternative spelling for marmalade.
Definition: ‘Originally: a preserve consisting of a sweet, solid, quince jelly resembling chare de quince but with the spices replaced by flavourings of rose water and musk or ambergris, and cut into squares for eating; (in the 17th cent., occasionally) a thick, apple-based jelly containing shredded citrus peel (obsolete). Subsequently: a conserve made by boiling fruits (now usually oranges and other citrus fruits) in water to release the pectin around the seeds, then reboiling the liquid and fruit with sugar to form a consistent mass, typically containing embedded shreds of rind. Also: a preparation of similar consistency made with other ingredients, such as a sweet preserve of diced ginger in a jelly set with apple pectin, or a relish made by cooking vegetables with sugar and vinegar’ (OED: ‘marmalade’, n.1.a).
[Steph Tebay-Moran]
Definition: (1) ‘To cut up or grind (food, esp. meat) into very small pieces’ (OED: ‘mince’, v.1.a). (2) ‘To MINCH, MINSH, V. a. To cut into small pieces’, An etymological dictionary of the Scottish language, John Jamieson (1879), p. n296.
[Emily Burns]
Occurrence: R.9, R.34, R.52, R.60, R.105, R.114, R.115, R.125.
Definition: ‘A reddish brown substance with a strong, persistent odour secreted by a gland of the male musk deer’ (OED: ‘musk’, n.1.a).
Comment: Formerly used in cookery, but more often in perfumery (Ken Albata, Cooking in Europe 1250-1650, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2006, p. 4).
[Anja-Grace Schulp]
Occurrence: R.25.
Comment: ‘musking’, an alternate spelling of ‘muslin’, a type of lightweight cotton fabric (OED: n.1.a) through which the cream based mixtures could be strained, potentially to remove excess water.
Example: (1) ‘Strain the custard through a tammy cloth’, The Royal Cookery Book, Jules Gouffe (London: Sampson Low, 1869), p. 541. (2) ‘It must be strained through a fine hair sieve of a muslin cloth’, About Ices, Jellies and Creams, Henry G. Harris (Oxon: Routledge, 2010), p. 246.
[Sarah France]
Occurrence: R.16.
Definition: ‘A kind of biscuit flavoured with rose water’ (OED: ‘Naples’, n.4, ‘Naples biscuit’, n.).
Example: ‘Take a quart of new Cream, and a quarter of a pound of Naples-Biskets, grate them and put them in|to the Cream’, The young cooks monitor, M.H. (1683) (Source: EEBO).
[Emily Burns]
Occurrence: R.59.
Comment: The only definitions of this word refer to the Latin ‘natus’, pertaining to birth. The meaning in this context is unclear.
Example: ‘The word is from the Lat. Nascor, to be born, or rather its participle, Natus sum’, Mathematical Dictionary, James Moxon (1679) (Source: LEME)
[James McCoull]
Definition: ‘An aqueous solution of orange flowers; the fragrant watery distillate left over in the preparation of neroli oil and used for culinary purposes and in perfumery’ (OED: ‘orange flower’, n., ‘orange-flower water’, n.).
[Amy Moore-Holmes]
Occurrence: R.28, R.30, R.36, R.41, R.106.
Definition: ‘Semi-liquid food, such as that considered suitable for babies or invalids, usually made from bread, meal, etc., moistened with water or milk; bland soft or moist food’ (OED: ‘pap’, n2.1.a).
[Anja-Grace Schulp]
Occurrence: R.64.
Definition: ‘as much as can be bought or sold for a penny. Frequently with partitive of or (in Old English) genitive’ (OED: ‘pennyworth’, n.1.a).
Example: ‘of sinamon and ginger, a peniworth of Sugar, a little saffron’, A booke of cookerie, otherwise called the good huswiues handmaid, E. Allde (1597) (Source: EEBO).
[Lauren Sainsbury]
Occurrence: R.18, R.22, R.43, R.61, R.123.
Definition: ‘A covering or outer layer of a fruit or vegetable; a skin, husk, rind, or shell; the bark of a tree, or a layer of bark; spec. (a piece of) the thin rind or peel of a fruit or a tuberous or bulbous root’ (OED: ‘pill’, n2.1).
[Sarah France]
Definition: ‘To make or punch holes; to stab’ (OED: ‘pink’, v1.2.a).
Example: ‘pinke it, cake it, scrape on Sugar, and serve it’, A choice manual of rare and select secrets in physic and chyrurgery collected and practised by the Right Honorable, the Countesse of Kent, late deceased; as also most exquisite ways of preserving, conserving, candying, published by W.I.Gent,1653 (Source: EEBO). This example is taken from a recipe to make ‘Kidney Florentines’, and so to ‘pinke it’ refers to the process of making holes in the pastry either for decoration or to let the steam out whilst baking.
[Emily Carroll]
Occurrence: R.37, R.47, R.125.
Definition: ‘The soft internal tissue of a plant part’ (OED: ‘pith’, n.1).
Example: ‘the inner pith being taken out, must be boiled’ Queen Elizabeths closset of physical secrets, A.M., (1656) (Source: EEBO).
[Shannon Richardson-Hall]
Occurrence: Contents.
Definition: ‘An ointment for the skin or hair’ (OED: ‘pomade’, n.1).
Example: ‘A Pomatum for Midwives to anoint their hands with when they are about their Office, as also the Womb of the Woman to be Delivered’, Aristoteles Master-piece, Anon. (1684) (Source: EEBO).
[James McCoull]
Definition: ‘A small metal pot or vessel for boiling, having a handle and three feet’ (OED: ‘posnet’, n.).
[Christina Dixon]
Occurrence: Contents, R.19, R.21, R.23, R.42, R.55.
Definition: ‘A drink made from hot milk curdled with ale, wine, or other liquor, flavoured with sugar, herbs, spices, also drunk for medicinal purposes’ (OED: ‘posset’, n.1).
Comment: Similar to the syllabub, except the posset is served hot, while the syllabub is served cold.
[Sarah France]
Definition: (1) ‘A pot, tankard, or similar container [...] one having the capacity of a pottle’ (OED: ‘pottle’, n1.1.a). (2) ‘A unit of capacity used chiefly for liquids (but also for corn and other dry goods, and rarely for butter), equal to half a gallon (approx. 2.3 litres).’ (OED: ‘pottle’, n1.1.b).
[Emily Carroll]
Definition: ‘Powdered or crushed sugar; (now esp.) caster sugar or icing sugar’ (OED: ‘powder sugar’, n.).
[Shannon Richardson-Hall]
Comment: In modern cooking, ‘pricking’ is a practice by which food is pierced to prevent expansion or explosion whilst heating. As ‘prickt’ at this time did in fact refer to piercing, this can be assumed to refer to the same thing but for a different effect, possibly to enable the almonds to soak up the cream.
Example: ‘Punto, prickt, pointed, stung, stitched, counterpointed, foyned, or thrust at’, A World of Words, John Florio (1598) (LEME).
[James McCoull]
Occurrence: R.1, R.4, R.5, R.10, R.11, R.12, R.13, R.14, R.18, R.19, R.20, R.22, R.26, R.29, R.30, R.38, R.40, R.42, R.43, R.45, R.46, R.47, R.48, R.49, R.50, R.52, R.54, R.73, R.74, R.77, R.96.
Definition: ‘A measure of capacity for liquids (also sometimes used for grain or other dry substances consisting of small particles), equal to a quarter of a gallon or two pints’ (OED: ‘quart’, n1.1.b).
[James McCoull]
Occurrence: Contents, R.8, R.78, R.79, R.80, R.81, R.104, R.105, R.112.
Definition: ‘The fruit of the tree ‘Cydonia oblonga’ [...] a golden yellow, typically pear-shaped pome with many-seeded cells, which is hard-fleshed and astringent when raw but aromatic and deep orange in colour when cooked’ (OED: ‘quince’, n1.1.a).
[Amy Moore-Holmes]
Occurrence: R.37.
Definition: (a) ‘A crop or plant that has been raised’ (OED: ‘raising’, n2.3.a); (b) ‘To cause or promote the growth of (a plant); to grow (fruit, vegetables, flowers, etc.).’ (OED: ‘raise’, v1.11.a).
Comment: In this context, ‘raisings’ refers to cuttings of the sun strawberry leaves.
[Anja-Grace Schulp]
Definition: ‘A levelled (as opposed to a heaped) measure’ (OED: ‘rase’, n.).
Example: ‘Take of White Wine one pint, steep therein of the root of Caelidon, the weight of twelve pence, of Saffron one pennyworth, a rase of Turmarick’, Queen Elizabeth's closset of physical secrets, A.W (1656) (Source: EEBO).
[Lois Campbell-Dixon]
Occurrence: R.51.
Definition: ‘curdled milk from the abomasum (fourth stomach) of an unweaned calf or other ruminant, containing rennin and used in curdling milk for cheese, junket, etc. Also: a preparation of the inner membrane of the abomasum used similarly.’ (OED: ‘rennet’, n1.1.b).
[Emily Carroll]
Definition: ‘Designating wine produced in the Rhine region’ (OED: ‘Rhenish’, adj.1).
[Sarah France]
Occurrence: R.19, R.26, R.55, R.79.
Definition: ‘Of liquid, esp. molten metal: to bubble vigorously as a result of boiling or the release of gases’ (OED: ‘rise’, v.16.e).
Example: ‘boyle it till it come to an oyle, which oyle as it riseth take off with a spoon’, Queen Elizabeths closset of physical secrets, A. M. (1656) (Source: EEBO).
[Emily Burns]
Occurrence: R.1, R.4, R.5, R.9, R.11, R.12, R.13, R.14, R.16, R.17, R.25, R.27, R.28, R.29, R.32, R.33, R.34, R.35, R.36, R.38, R.41, R.42, R.43, R.45, R.46, R.49, R.51, R.52, R.54, R.55, R.56, R.57, R.58, R.59, R.60, R.62, R.70, R.71, R.83, R.96, R.101, R.114, R.115, R.125.
Definition: ‘Water distilled from roses or scented with essence of roses, used as a perfume or flavouring, or in medicinal preparations, etc.’ (OED: ‘rose water’, n.1.a).
Comment: The term appears both as a single word and two separate words in the manuscript. The citations in the OED show that current usage also varies between one and two word spellings, so the transcripts will maintain the spelling style of the manuscript.
Example: ‘Take Claret Wine, Rosewater, sliced Orenges, Sinamon and ginger, and lay it vpon Sops, and lay your Capon vpon it’, A book of cookyre Very necessary for all such as delight therin, A.W (1591) (Source: EEBO).
[Lois Campbell-Dixon]
Occurrence: Contents, R.6, R.13, R.16, R.19, R.21, R.26, R.39, R.43, R.46, R.55.
Definition: ‘A general name for a class of white wines formerly imported from Spain and the Canaries’ (OED: ‘sack’, n3.a).
Comment: See the note on ‘Canary sack’.
[Emily Carroll]
Occurrence: R.41.
Comment: Likely a reference to the appearance and age of the apples used. ‘Scald is a term loosely applied to a group of skin disorders of apples and pears. It involves brown or gray discoloration of irregularly shaped areas on the surface of the fruit during or following storage’, Postharvest Diseases and Disorders of Apples and Pears, Willet and Kupferman et al., Post Harvest Pomology Newsletter, 7(3):4-5 (1989).
[Lois Campbell-Dixon]
Occurrence: R.13, R.66, R.69, R.79, R.83, R.115, R.120.
Definition: ‘To clear (the surface of a liquid) of impurities or floating matter; to SKIM v. Also to remove as scum, to skim off’ (OED: ‘scum’, v.1.a).
Example: ‘and when the scum riseth, take it off, let it stand over the fire till no more Scum rise, then you have you your Juyce clarified’, The English Physician, Nicholas Culpeper (1652) (Source: LEME).
[Lauren Sainsbury]
Occurrence: R.98.
Definition: ‘A cruciferous plant, Cochlearia officinalis, believed to possess anti-scorbutic properties’ (OED: ‘scurvy-grass’, n.1.a).
Example: ‘Bread and Butter strewed with Rosemary, Sage, Rue, or Scurvygrass, is an excellent preservative of Health’ The sheepherd's new kalender, C.P. (1700) (Source: EEBO).
[Shannon Richardson-Hall]
Occurrence: R.27, R.36, R.109.
Definition: (a) ‘To sift through a searce’ (OED: ‘searce’, v.a); (b) ‘A sieve or strainer’ (OED: ‘searce’, n.).
Example: ‘Searce them thorow a course haire searce’, A Closet for Ladies and Gentlewomen, Arthur Johnson (London: F. Kingston, 1602), p. 47.
[Sarah France]
Occurrence: R.101.
Definition: ‘A pit, hole, well, or pool’ (OED: ‘seath’, n.).
Example: ‘take Saxifrage, and the leaves of Elderne, five leav’d grasse, and seath them in a pottell of staile Ale, till the halfe be wasted, then straine it’ A Book of fruits & flovvers, Anon. (1653) (Source: EEBO).
[Shannon Richardson-Hall]
Occurrence: R.1.
Comment: Though definitions from both this period and modern dictionaries (e.g. OED: ‘seethe’, v.1.a) suggest this is synonymous with boiling, this use of the term appears to be closer to ‘simmering’.
[James McCoull]
Occurrence: R.14.
Definition: ‘To minister to a person at table; hence, to supply, furnish, present with (a commodity)’ (OED: ‘serve’, v1.III).
Example: ‘a sup of Milke shal sarve ye’, Comedies and tragedies, Francis Beaumont (1647) (Source: EEBO).
[Emily Burns]
Occurrence: R.22, R.25, R.27, R.34, R.59.
Definition: ‘A dish or confection resembling snow in appearance, especially one made by whipping the white of eggs to a creamy consistency’ (OED: ‘snow’, n1.5.a).
Comment: The term can also be used as a method of direction as to the consistency cream or eggs should be whipped to.
Example: ‘Whip the whites of six eggs to a hard snow’, The Englishwoman in India (London: Smith, Elder and Co, 1864), p. 173.
[Sarah France]
Comment: Spanish cream is a type of white custard that separates as it cools to form a fluffy layer on top and a smooth glassy layer on the bottom. There is nothing ‘Spanish’ about this dessert, and it often comes under other names such as ‘Snow Cream’. (Richard Sax, Classic Home Desserts: A Treasury of Heirloom and Contemporary Recipes, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010, p. 105.)
[Anja-Grace Schulp]
Occurrence: R.36.
Comment: Lady Leicester's Spanish Pap was ‘eaten like Flummery’, indicating it was a type of moulded dessert of jelly like texture. (Richard Sax, Classic Home Desserts: A Treasury of Heirloom and Contemporary Recipes, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010, p. 173.)
[Anja-Grace Schulp]
Occurrence: R.15.
Example: ‘a mease of creame, a spice-cake, and a spoone’, A pleasant comedy entituled: An humerous dayes myrth, George Chapman (1599) (Source: EEBO).
[Emily Burns]
Occurrence: R.60.
Comment: This probably refers to the stalk of a herb, such as rosemary, though no herb is actually specified.
[James McCoull]
Definition: ‘A short length of cinnamon quill, in which form the spice is commonly sold and used’ (OED: ‘cinnamon’, n., ‘cinnamon stick’, n.).
Example: ‘How to make Cinamon stickes. To make most Artificiall Cinamon stickes, take an ounce of Cinamon and pound it, and halfe a pound of Sugar; then take some gumme Dragon and put it in steepe in Rosewater, then take thereof to the quantity of a hasell nut, and worke it out and print it, and roule it in forme of a Cinamon sticke’, The English house-vvife, Gervase Markham (1631) (Source: EEBO).
[Emily Burns]
Occurrence: R.14, R.42, R.43, R.88, R.93, R.103.
Definition: ‘strainer’, ‘A utensil or device for straining, filtering, or sifting; a filter, sieve, screen, or the like’ (OED: ‘strainer’, n.1.a).
Example: ‘Take your Eglantine Berries other|wise called Hips, and stampe them in a morter, with Gum-tragacant and Rose water, then strayne it tho|rough a strayner’, A closet for ladies and gentlevvomen, Anon. (1608) (Source: EEBO).
[Emily Burns]
Occurrence: R.1, R.13, R.21, R.44, R.59, R.60, R.77, R.80, R.116, R.118, R.119, R.120.
Definition: The OED records ‘strow’ as an archaic and dialectal alternative spelling of ‘strew’ (OED: ‘strew’, v).
Example: (1) ‘to sprinkle with or together, to scatter, to strow, to mingle with’, A World of Words, John Florio (1598) (Source: LEME). (2) ‘have in readinesse great cap or royall papers, whereupon strow some sugar’, The Herbal or General History of Plants, Thomas Johnson (1633) (Source: LEME).
[Lauren Sainsbury]
Definition: ‘‘pl.’ The last milk drawn from a cow; ‘afterings’’ (OED: ‘stroking’, n.2).
Example: ‘strokings from the Cow’, The English midwife enlarged, Anon. (1682) (Source: EEBO).
[Emily Carroll]
Definition: (a) ‘succory’, ‘The plant ‘Cichorium Intybus’ [...] with bright blue flowers, found wild in England, esp. by roadside. Also, its leaves and roots used medicinally and as food’ (OED: ‘succory’, n.1); (b) ‘endive’, ‘The name of two species of Chicory [...] a. C.Intybus, now called Wild Endive, Succory, or Chicory, indigenous in Europe, and common in a wild state in many parts of England.’ (OED: ‘endive’, n.a).
[Emily Carroll]
Occurrence: R.14.
Definition: ‘A species of rose, the Eglantine, ‘Rosa rubiginosa’ (and some other species, as ‘R. micracantha’), having strong hooked prickles, pink single flowers, and small aromatic leaves; frequently cultivated in gardens.’ (OED: ‘sweet-brier’ | ‘sweet-briar’, n.).
Example: ‘Take Rosemary, Time, Sweet-bryer, Egri|mony, Wood-Bettany, Eie-bright, Scabius, of each a like quantity; Roman wormwood of each of these a proportion’, The true preserver and restorer of health, G. Hartman (1682) (Source: EEBO).
[Emily Burns]
Occurrence: R.18, R.20, R.22, R.26.
Definition: ‘A drink or dish made of milk (frequently as drawn from the cow) or cream, curdled by the admixture of wine, cider, or other acid, and often sweetened and flavoured’ (OED: ‘syllabub’, n.1).
Example: ‘To make an excellent Syllabub. Milk the Milk of a young Cow into your Vessel, to 2 Quarts of it put a Pint of White-wine, 2 or 3 spoonfuls of Verjuice, or the Juice of green Grapes, and a spoonful of the Juice of Balm or Mint, scrape into it some Loaf-Sugar, and add a little gra|ted Nutmeg; you may also scent it with a little Rose or Orange-water’, England's happiness improved by Anon. (1699) (Source: EEBO).
[Emily Burns]
Occurrence: R.97.
Definition: ‘A stem or shoot of a plant’ (OED: ‘thirse’, n.2.a).
Example: ‘Thyrse (thyrsus) a stalk or stem of any herb’ Glossographia, Thomas Blount (1661) (Source: EEBO).
[Shannon Richardson-Hall]
Occurrence: R.2, R.5, R.19, R.28, R.50, R.55.
Comment: The word ‘this’ is used to denote recipes which have been selected for inclusion in the contents page, and appears throughout.
[James McCoull]
Occurrence: R.16.
Definition: ‘A kind of thin transparent silk; also a transparent gauze muslin, cobweb lawn’ (OED: ‘tiffany’, n1.2.a).
Example: ‘a grain of Musk and Ambergriese tyed in a Tiffany-bag, put in also some Rosewater’, The compleat English and French cook, Anon. (1690) (Source: EEBO).
[Emily Burns]
Occurrence: R.26.
Definition: ‘The cream that rises to the top of milk when left undisturbed’ (OED: ‘top’, n1., ‘top of the milk’ n.).
Example: ‘Make a mixture of tomato sauce and a little ‘top of the milk’ cream’, Come into the Garden, Cook, Constance Spry (London: J.M.Dent, 1942), p. 51).
[Sarah France]
Occurrence: R.26.
Comment: Although whey is an ingredient in its own right (‘the serum or watery part of milk which remains after the separation of the curd by coagulation, esp. in the manufacture of cheese’, OED: ‘whey’, n.1.a), this usage most likely refers to the beverage or medicinal drink of ‘wine whey’ or ‘sack whey’, a dairy-based drink similar to the syllabub or posset.
Example: (1) ‘Drink plentifully of small, warm Sack-Whey’, The Gentleman's Magazine (London: E.Cave, 1736). (2) ‘To make Wine Whey. Put a Pint of skimmed Milk, and half a Pint of White Wine into a Bason’, The Experienced English Housekeeper, Elizabeth Raffald (London: R. Baldwin, 1769).
[Sarah France]
Occurrence: R.48.
Definition: ‘to separate the whey from (milk) [...] as ‘wheying cloth’.’ (OED: ‘whey’, v.)
Example: ‘Take a quantity of the best curds you can make of stroakings and cream, after you have, wheyed them very well’, Excellent and approved receipts and experiments in cookery, Sir Theodore Turquet de Mayerne (1658) (Source: EEBO).
[Emily Carroll]
Definition: ‘A very small, or the least, part or amount; an iota, a jot, a bit’ (OED: ‘whit’, n.1).
Example: ‘wherevpon the Dog straight carried the meat to his Maisters mouth, and would not eate any whit himselfe, though he had forborne meat so long before’ True and wonderfull A discourse relating to a strange and monstrous serpent, A.R. (1614) (Source: EEBO).
[Shannon Richardson-Hall]
Definition: ‘To soften.’ (OED: ‘woke’, v.2.b).
Comment: ‘Woke’ is an Old and Middle English term that the OED marks as obsolete. The semi-diplomatic version of the text uses the original form ‘woke’, but this is substituted in the modernised version with the modern recipe equivalent of ‘work’.
[Lois Campbell-Dixon]
2019-01: Sarah Asnaashari
Occurrence: R.175.
Definition: ‘A slice of meat, usually mutton or pork, including generally a rib, intended to be cooked and served by itself’ (OED: ‘chop’, n.2.b).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.174.
Definition: ‘To fill (the inside of a bird, a fruit, and the like) with herbs, spices, etc. preparatory to cooking’ (OED: ‘stop’, v.12.c).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.174.
Definition: ‘The fatty membrane investing the intestines; the omentum’ (OED: ‘kell’, n.5.a).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.176.
Definition: ‘To infuse (malt) as a mash; to prepare a mash in (a vat or similar vessel); to brew (ale, etc.) by mashing’ (OED: ‘mask’, v.3.a).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.177.
Definition: ‘A labiate herb, Marrubium vulgare, having stem and leaves covered with white cottony pubescence; its aromatic bitter juice is much used as a remedy for coughs’ (OED: ‘horehound’, n.1.a).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.177.
Definition: ‘A small bushy aromatic herb of the genus Hyssopus (N.O. Labiatæ); spec. the common cultivated species H. officinalis, a native of Southern Europe, formerly much used medicinally, esp. in decoctions’ (OED: ‘hyssop’, n.1.a).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.174.
Definition: ‘A small bushy aromatic herb of the genus Hyssopus (N.O. Labiatæ); spec. the common cultivated species H. officinalis, a native of Southern Europe, formerly much used medicinally, esp. in decoctions’ (OED: ‘suet’, n.a).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.178.
Definition: ‘A unit of weight = 20 grains, 1/ 3 drachm, 1/ 24 oz. Apothecaries' weight. Denoted by the character ℈’ (OED: ‘scruple’, n.1.a).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.178.
Definition: ‘A perennial composite plant, Horse-heal ( Inula Helenium), with very large yellow radiate flowers and bitter aromatic leaves and root; formerly used as a tonic and stimulant’ (OED: ‘elecampane’, n.1).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.178.
Definition: ‘In a refined state, e.g. as flowers of sulphur, it is used medicinally as a laxative, a resolvent, and a sudorific, and as an ingredient of various ointments, esp. for skin diseases’ (OED: ‘sulphur’, n.1.b).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.178.
Definition: ‘The common name of Tussilago Farfara (family Compositæ), a common weed in waste or clayey ground, with large spreading cordate leaves downy beneath, and yellow flowers appearing in early spring before the leaves’ (OED: ‘coltsfoot’, n.1.a).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.178.
Definition: ‘A small cake or tablet, originally diamond-shaped, of medicated or flavoured sugar, etc. to be held and dissolved in the mouth’ (OED: ‘lozenges’, n.3).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.182.
Definition: ‘Any of various low-growing plants constituting the genus Plantago (family Plantaginaceae), with dense cylindrical spikes of inconspicuous flowers and leaves in a basal rosette usually pressed closely to the ground’ (OED: ‘plaintain’, n.1).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.178.
Definition: ‘A medicine composed of gum tragacanth’, The Philadelphia medical dictionary, John Redman Coxe (1817), p. 175 (Source: NIH).
Comment: An alternative spelling is Diatragacanthi. Tragacanth is defined by the OED as ‘A whitish gum, partially soluble in water, obtained from several shrubs of the genus Astragulus’ (OED: ‘tragacanth’, n.1). Tragacanth is also known by the term ‘gum dragon’ (OED: ‘dragon’, n.2).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.178.
Definition: ‘A composition of radix iridis’, The Philadelphia medical dictionary, John Redman Coxe (1817), p. 172 (Source: NIH).
Comment: Radix iridis is Latin for iris-root, which refers to ‘the root of Iris florentina, orris-root’ (OED: ‘iris-root’, n).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.182.
Definition: ‘Any plant of the genus Saxifraga, esp. S. granulata (White Meadow Saxifrage’ (OED: ‘saxifridge’, n.1.a).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.182.
Definition: ‘Originally: a European medicinal plant of the genus Euphrasia (family Orobanchaceae), used to treat eye disorders; also called euphrasy. In later use: any of numerous small hemiparasitic plants constituting this genus, the flowers of which typically have a vein-like pattern and a bright yellow spot towards the centre’ (OED: ‘eyebright’, n.1.a).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.182.
Definition: ‘In an uncommon or exceptional degree; very greatly, extremely’ (OED: ‘strangely’, adv.4).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.182.
Definition: ‘Coltsfoot n.1’ (OED: ‘foalfoot’, n.1).
Comment: See note on coltsfoot120.
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.182.
Definition: ‘Obsolete a medicinal preparation popular in 17th cent’ (OED: ‘dragon’, n.1.C3).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.182.
Definition: ‘Pathology. A disease of the nervous system, characterized (in its severer forms) by violent paroxysms, in which the patient falls to the ground in a state of unconsciousness, with general spasm of the muscles, and foaming at the mouth. The English name is falling sickness (now little used)’ (OED: ‘epilepsy’, n).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.182.
Definition: ‘The kidneys. Now hist. and rare’ (OED: ‘reins’, n.1).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.182.
Definition: ‘A hard morbid concretion in the body, esp. in the kidney or urinary bladder, or in the gallbladder’ (OED: ‘stone’, n.10.a).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.181.
Definition: ‘Watery or mucous secretions, esp. as collecting in or dripping from the eyes, nose, or mouth, originally believed to originate in the brain or head and to be capable of causing disease;’ ‘a flow or flux (of humours)’ (OED: ‘rheums’, n.1.a).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Definition: ‘Watery or mucous secretions, esp. as collecting in or dripping from the eyes, nose, or mouth, originally believed to originate in the brain or head and to be capable of causing disease;’ ‘a flow or flux (of humours)’ (OED: ‘liquorice’, n.1).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.183.
Definition: ‘A kind of resin (see resin n. 1a); (in later use) spec. a solid form obtained as a residue after the distillation of oil of turpentine from crude turpentine’ (OED: ‘rosin’, n.1).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.183.
Definition: ‘Originally: fresh, new, or unused bees-wax, sometimes that produced by the first swarm of bees. In later and more general use: a purified or fine quality of wax’ (OED: ‘virgin wax’, n.).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.183.
Definition: ‘A term applied originally (as in Greek and Latin) to the semifluid resin of the terebinth tree, Pistacia Terebinthus (Chian or Cyprian turpentine); now chiefly to the various oleoresins which exude from coniferous trees, consisting of more or less viscid solutions of resin in a volatile oil’ (OED: ‘turpentine’, n.1.a).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
Occurrence: R.176.
Definition: ‘A quantity sufficient to fill a shell; figurative a small quantity’ (OED: ‘shellful’, n).
[Sarah Asnaashari]
2019-02: Gabrielle Coates-Bassi
Occurrence: R.196, R.197, R.198, R.199, R.200.
Definition: ‘The wonderful water, prepared of cloves, galangals, cubebs, mace, cardomums, nutmegs, ginger, and spirit of wine, digested twenty-four hours, then distilled (Johnson).’(OED: ‘Aqua Mirabilis’, n.)
[Gabrielle Coates-Bassi]
Definition: ‘An aromatic substance, consisting of resin mixed with volatile oils, exuding naturally from various trees of the genus Balsamodendron, and much prized for its fragrance and medicinal properties.’(OED: ‘Balm’, n.1)
[Gabrielle Coates-Bassi]
Occurrence: R.196, R.199, R.202, R.203.
Definition: ‘An early apparatus used for distilling, consisting of two connected vessels, a typically gourd-shaped cucurbit containing the substance to be distilled, and a receiver or flask in which the condensed product is collected.’(OED: ‘Alembic’, n.)
[Gabrielle Coates-Bassi]
Occurrence: R.201.
Definition: ‘An aromatic umbelliferous plant ... indigenous to Europe, and cultivated (since 1568) in England, for culinary or medicinal purposes, and for preparing a confection, ‘Candied Angelica’.’(OED: ‘Angelica’, n.)
[Gabrielle Coates-Bassi]
Occurrence: R.196, R.197,R.198, R.199, R.200.
Definition: ‘A fluid dram (= 1/ 8 fluid ounce) of medicine, etc ... A small draught of cordial, stimulant, or spirituous liquor. ’(OED: ‘Dram’ n.1)
[Gabrielle Coates-Bassi]
Occurrence: R.196, R.197, R.198, R.200.
Definition: ‘The cereal grass Panicum miliaceum, widely grown in warm countries, which has small spikelets arranged in a loose panicle. ’(OED: ‘Millet’ n.1)
[Gabrielle Coates-Bassi]
Occurrence: R.201.
Definition: ‘A cordial or liqueur originally made with the juice of the sundew plant, later from spiced and flavoured spirits.’(OED: ‘Rosa Solis’ n.)
[Gabrielle Coates-Bassi]
Occurrence: R.196, R.197, R.198, R.199, R.200.
Definition: ‘The name of two distinct plants, bearing yellow flowers; by the old herbalists regarded as species of the same plant ... Its thick yellow juice was formerly supposed to be a powerful remedy for weak sight. ’(OED: ‘Celandine’ n.)
[Gabrielle Coates-Bassi]
Occurrence: R.203.
Definition: ‘A piece of bread or the like dipped or steeped in water, wine, etc., before being eaten or cooked.’(OED: ‘Sop’ n.1)
[Gabrielle Coates-Bassi]
Occurrence: R.200.
Definition: ‘Relating to distillation, a still.’(OED: ‘Stillatory’ n.)
[Gabrielle Coates-Bassi]
Occurrence: R.203.
Definition: ‘A low-growing herb, Potentilla tormentilla (Tormentilla repens), ... of trailing habit, common on heaths and dry pastures, bearing small four-petalled yellow flowers, and having strongly astringent roots; in use from early times in medicine, and in tanning. Also called septfoil.’(OED: ‘Tormentil’ n.)
[Gabrielle Coates-Bassi]
Occurrence: R.201
Definition: ‘The wild pansy, Viola tricolor, which has small white or cream flowers with purple and yellow markings. Also: any of various other pansies (wild or cultivated), esp. the field pansy, V. arvensis, and (more fully mountain heartsease, yellow heartsease) the yellow-flowered mountain pansy, Viola lutea (now rare).’(OED: ‘Heartsease’ n.)
[Gabrielle Coates-Bassi]
Occurrence: R.196, R.197, R.198, R.199, R.200.
Definition: ‘The berry of a climbing shrub Piper Cubeba or Cubeba officinalis, a native of Java and the adjacent islands; it resembles a grain of pepper, and has a pungent spicy flavour, and is used in medicine and cookery.’(OED: ‘Cubeb’ n.)
[Gabrielle Coates-Bassi
Occurrence: R.200.
Definition: ‘Watery or mucous secretions, esp. as collecting in or dripping from the eyes, nose, or mouth, originally believed to originate in the brain or head and to be capable of causing disease.’(OED: ‘Rheum’ n.1)
[Gabrielle Coates-Bassi]
Occurrence: R.203
Definition: ‘Looseness of the bowels, diarrhoea; an attack of this.’(OED: ‘Lask’ n.1)
[Gabrielle Coates-Bassi]
Occurrence: R.203
Definition: ‘The popular name of plants belonging to the genera Sanguisorba and Poterium, of which the Great or Common Burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) is common in meadows, and the Lesser or Salad Burnet (Poterium Sanguisorba) on the Chalk.’(OED: ‘Burnet’ n.2)
[Gabrielle Coates-Bassi]
2019-03: James Hudson
Occurrence: R.40.
Definition: ‘Medicinal paste for breathing trouble made with laudanum, storax, lignaloes, ambergris, camphor, musk, rose water. ’ (Norri, Juhani. Dictionary of Medical Vocabulary in English, 1375–1550: Routledge, 2016.)
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.254
Definition: ‘An acute or high fever; disease, or a disease, characterized by such fever, esp. when recurring periodically, spec. malaria. Also: a malarial paroxysm, or (esp. in later use) the initial stage of such a paroxysm, marked by an intense feeling of cold and shivering. Now chiefly hist.’ (OED: ‘ague’, n.1).
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.259.
Definition: ‘Comment: Any plant of, or formerly of, the Eurasian genus Althaea (family Malvaceae), comprising herbaceous perennial plants which include the marsh mallow, A. officinalis, the hollyhock, Alcea rosea, and (more fully shrub althea) the widely cultivated hibiscus Hibiscus syriacus. ’ (OED: ‘althea’)
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.247.
Definition: Also known as the precious water, and reserved for women. Appears to an extremely pure, naturally occuring type of water. In the example, it is recommended that distilled water – ‘the water of life’ – be substituted for ‘bame,’ if none is available. (Anonymous author. ‘Here begynneth a newe boke of medecynes intytulyd or callyd the Treasure of pore men whiche sheweth many dyuerse good medecines for dyuerse certayn dysseases as in the table of this present boke more playnly shall appere. The boke of medecines.’ 1526. Web. https://eebo.chadwyck.com/)
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.256,.
Definition: ‘Comment: A species of Speedwell ( Veronica Beccabunga) common on the edges of ditches; also a kindred species known as Lesser Brooklime or Narrow-leaved Water Speedwell ( V. Anagallis).’ (OED: ‘brooklime’)
[James Hudson]
Definition: ‘Mulled wine. A hot drink made from wine with added sugar, spices, fruit, etc., and formerly sometimes thickened with beaten egg yolk. ‘Burnt wine’ can also refer to brandy, which undergoes a process of heated distillation.’ (https://teaching.shu.ac.uk/ds/sle/altered/glossary/drinkglossary.htm)
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.242.
Definition: A hard-wearing, open mouthed vessel, suitable for baking in an oven, perhaps earthenware or similar. Used in the Pharmacopia Londinenis for baking turnips. (Culpeper, Nicholas. Pharmacopœia Londinensis: or the London dispensatory. London: Peter Cole and Edward Cole, 1661, pp. 116.)
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.249.
Definition: Any drink that can be taken throughout the day.
Example: Hush then, dull QUACKS, your Mountebanking cease, COFFEE's a speedier Cure for each Disease; How great its Vertues are, we hence may think, The VVorlds third Part makes it their common Drink. (Anonumous author. ‘A brief description of the excellent vertues of that sober and wholesome drink, called coffee, And its incomparable effects in preventing or curing most diseases incident to humane bodies.’ (1674) Source: EEBO)
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.241.
Definition: ‘Comment: The common name of Tussilago Farfara (family Compositæ), a common weed in waste or clayey ground, with large spreading cordate leaves downy beneath, and yellow flowers appearing in early spring before the leaves. ’ (OED: ‘coltsfoot’)
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.257.
Definition: ‘A bright red gum or resin, an exudation upon the fruit of a palm, Calamus Draco. Formerly applied also to the inspissated juice of the dragon-tree, Dracæna Draco, and to exudations from Pterocarpus Draco, Croton Draco, and other plants. ’ (OED: ‘Dragons blood’)
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.257.
Definition: ‘1 a. A stimulant resin obtained from various trees, as Canarium commune (Manilla),Icica Icicariba (Brazil), Elaphrium elemiferum (Mexico), used in plaisters, ointments, and the manufacture of varnish. More fully gum elemi.’ (OED: ‘elemi’)
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.251.
Definition: ‘A gum resin obtained from certain Persian species of Ferula, esp. from F. galbaniflua and F. rubricaulis.’ (OED: ‘galbanum’)
[James Hudson]
Definition: ‘Stone disease. A kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in the kidney from substances in the urine. It may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a pearl. Most kidney stones pass out of the body without help from a doctor. But sometimes a stone will not go away. It may get stuck in the urinary tract, block the flow of urine and cause great pain.’ (Source: https://medlineplus.gov/kidneystones.html#summary).
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.255.
Definition: ‘(In full grains of Paradise: in early use also singular): the capsules of Amomum Meleguetta of Western Africa (cf. CARDAMOM n. b), used as a spice and in medicine; called also Guinea grains.’ (OED: ‘grains of paradise’)
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.256.
Definition: ‘The genus Cynoglossum of boraginaceous plants, esp. the species C. officinale; also called Dog's-tongue. ’ (OED: ‘hounds tongue’)
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.240.
Definition: ‘Liquid for drinking; beverage, drink. Now almost exclusively spec., a drink produced by fermentation or distillation. spirituous liquor, liquor produced by distillation; spirits. vinous liquor, liquor made from grapes; wine. ’ (OED: ‘liquor’)
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.256.
Definition: ‘In early use: the plant Marchantia polymorpha, which has lobed, liver-shaped leaves, and was thought to be effective against liver disorders. In later use more widely: any plant of the division Marchantiophyta (sometimes called Hepaticophyta or Hepatophyta), comprising small, non-vascular, moss-like plants chiefly of moist habitats, which are diverse in form, being either thallose or leafy in appearance, but united in having single-celled rhizoids and lacking stomata. Formerly also with distinguishing word, as marsh liverwort, stone liverwort. ’ (OED: ‘liverwort’)
[James Hudson]
Definition: A laxative. ‘Of medicines, food, etc.: Having the property of loosening and evacuating the bowels. ’ (OED: ‘laxative’)
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.259.
Definition: ‘In early use, a name for various preparations in which opium was the main ingredient. Now only: The simple alcoholic tincture of opium. ’ (OED: ‘laudanum’)
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.257.
Definition: ‘An aromatic gum or resin which exudes from the bark of the lentisk or mastic tree, Pistacia lentiscus(sense 2), used chiefly in making varnishes and, formerly, in medicine (also mastic gum). Also with distinguishing word: any of various similar resins derived from other trees. ’ (OED: ‘mastic’)
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.257.
Definition: ‘Oil of spike, an essential oil obtained by distillation from Lavendula Spica (and L. Stœchas), employed in painting and in veterinary medicine.’ (OED: ‘Oil of spike’)
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.248.
Definition: ‘A vessel having a capacity of one peck. Obsolete.’ (OED: ‘peck’N. 1 a. Alternately: ‘A unit of capacity for dry goods equal to a quarter of a bushel, now equivalent (in Britain) to two imperial gallons (approx. 9.09 litres) or (in the U.S.) to eight dry quarts (approx. 8.81 litres) ’ (OED: ‘peck’N. 2 a.)
[James Hudson]
Definition: ‘Originally: a solid medicinal or emollient substance spread on a bandage or dressing and applied to the skin, often becoming adhesive at body temperature (now rare or hist.). In later use: adhesive material, esp. tape, used to fix bandages or dressings in place; a piece or strip of this. Also: a small dressing consisting of an absorbent pad attached to a piece of adhesive material, used to cover a superficial wound. ’ (OED: ‘plaster’)
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.247.
Definition: ‘Any of various southern European dwarf shrubs constituting the genus Ruta(family Rutaceae), esp. (more fully common or garden rue) R. graveolens, which has yellow flowers and bitter, strongly scented feathery leaves, and was formerly much used for medicinal purposes. ’ (OED: ‘rue’)
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.256.
Definition: ‘A cruciferous plant, Cochlearia officinalis, believed to possess anti-scorbutic properties. ’ (OED: ‘scurvy-grass’)
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.257.
Definition: ‘A small unit of weight or measurement. ’ (OED: ‘scruples’)
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.248.
Definition: ‘The root or rhizome of one or other of several American plants reputed to possess properties antidotal to snake-poison, esp. the dried root of Polygala senega and Aristolochia serpentaria used largely in medicine; the medicinal preparation obtained from this. ’ (OED: ‘snakeroot’)
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.258.
Definition: Supposedly millipedes were a source of alkaline salt used to cure stone disease. This is consistent with the above occurence in R.258.
Example: ‘That there is some kind of Alkaline Salt in Plants, even in their natural estate. As also, that they are as significantly used against the Stone, quatenus alkalizate, as Millipedes, Egg-shells, or any other testaceous Bodies of the same strength. To these I shall subjoyn one or two Examples of Vegetable Bodies which are more or less altered from their natural estate.’ (Grew, Nehemiah. ‘The anatomy of plants with an idea of a philosophical history of plants, and several other lectures, read before the royal society by Nehemjah Grew’ 1682. Source;EEBO)
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.257.
Definition: Virgin wax. ‘Originally: fresh, new, or unused bees-wax, sometimes that produced by the first swarm of bees. In later and more general use: a purified or fine quality of wax, esp. as used in the making of candles; white wax. ’ (OED: ‘Virgin wax’)
[James Hudson]
Occurrence: R.257.
Definition: ‘Originally (more fully common mallow, wild mallow, or field mallow): a common European plant of waysides and waste places, Malva sylvestris, with showy, deeply notched, rose-purple flowers, widespread in Britain. Later more widely (frequently with distinguishing word, as curled, dwarf, musk-mallow, etc.): any of various plants of the genus Malva, characteristically having palmately divided leaves and flowers in various shades of purple.’ (OED: ‘mallow’)
[James Hudson]
2019-04: Shannon Mackin
Occurrence:
Definition: ‘A hardy southern European shrub, with distinctively fragrant, finely divided leaves and panicles of yellowish flowers. ’ (OED: ‘southernwood’, n.1.).
Comment: Also more commonly known as ‘southernwood’, garden ‘southernwood’.
[Shannon Mackin]
Occurrence:
Definition: ‘A medicinal drink taken after excessive consumption of food or drink; an indigestion remedy.’ (OED: ‘surfit water’, n.c.2.).
Comment: Now rare.
[Shannon Mackin]
Occurrence:
Definition: ‘Any oil of pleasant or mild taste, specifically olive oil; rape oil.’ (OED: ‘sweet oyell’, n.c.1.a.)
[Shannon Mackin]
Occurrence:
Definition: ‘A drinking-vessel, formerly made of wooden staves and hooped; now esp. a tall one-handled jug or mug, usually of pewter, sometimes with a lid: used chiefly for drinking beer.’(OED: ‘tankert’, n.2.a.
[Shannon Mackin]
Occurrence:
Definition: ‘A morbid condition supposed to be caused by the presence of such exhalations; depression of spirits, hypochondria, hysteria, or other nervous disorder.’(OED: ‘vapors’, n.3.b.)
[Shannon Mackin]
Occurrence:
Definition: ‘Venice turpentine.’ (OED: ‘venis’, n.1.c.)
[Shannon Mackin]
Occurrence: R.166
Definition:‘To sift through a searce.’ (OED: ‘searced’, v.1.a.)
[Shannon Mackin
Occurrence: R.173
Definition: ‘A drinking vessel.’ (OED: ‘scell’, n.2.d.)
[Shannon Mackin]
Occurrence: R.166
Definition: Unable to locate any other occurrence of this term outside of the manuscript. In the context of the recipe, it appears to be a type of cutting utensil that leaves a certain pattern to the edge of the material cut. May be another term for 'scissors'.
[Shannon Mackin]
Occurrence: R.167
Definition: A north Eastern recipe for cabbage cream (Source: EEBO).
Comment: The name is unusual and may be a local term, or a shortened version of a longer name
2019-05: Alison Parker
This is an indication of the appropriate temperature for the cream – although it is described as ‘Cold cream’ the actual temperature required is tepid and ‘as hot as it comes from the Cow’.
[Alison Parker]
Definition: ‘A thick paste whose main ingredients are ground almonds, egg whites, and sugar cooked together, used as an ingredient or eaten on its own as a sweet; Marzipan.’ (OED: ‘Marchpane’, https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/233612, n.2, accessed 17 May 2019)
[Alison Parker]
Occurrence: R.131.
Definition: Dried lemons, or dried lemon rind, ground to a powder.
Comments: Lemon powder was a common ingredient. John Murrell's recipe book published in London in 1617 (https://www.loc.gov/item/65059509/, accessed 17 May 2019) includes recipes with ‘powder of Lemonds’ as one of the ingredients (see the recipe for bread called Ginetoes). It also includes a method for drying Oranges and Lemonds (see https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2013pennell59509/?sp=150, accessed 17 May 2019)
[Alison Parker]
Definition: ‘A light, crisp kind of biscuit, of a curved or hollowed shape.’ (OED: ‘cracknel’’, https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/43667, n. 1, accessed 17 May 2019)
[Alison Parker]
Occurrence: R.136.
Definition: ‘A fine variety of almond, now coming chiefly from Malaga.’ (OED: ‘jordan almond’’, https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/101663, n. 1, accessed 17 May 2019)
Comment: No definition could be found for Gordon Almond, but similar texts from the period refer to Jordan Almonds – for example: ‘To make the best Marchpane, take the best Jordan Almonds’ Eng. House-wife by G Markham (1660) (source: OED). Jordan Almonds is the name used in current US English to refer to almonds encased in a hard sugar shell (often used as wedding favours) but at the time of this text then the definition applied simply to the variety of almond.
[Alison Parker]
‘Twigs of brown stripped white’ are twigs stripped of their bark.
[Alison Parker]
2019-06: Alexander Peden
Occurence: R.209
Definition - ‘A sweet liquid produced by steeping ground malt or other grain in hot water, which is then fermented to produce beer and distilled malt liquors; unfermented beer.’ (OED: ‘ale wort’, n.)
[Alex Peden]
Occurence: R.204
Definition: ‘An aromatic umbelliferous plant (A. archangelica, or Archangelica officinalis) indigenous to Europe, and cultivated (since 1568) in England, for culinary or medicinal purposes’ (OED: ‘angelica’, n.1.a).
Example: ‘There is Angellica or Dwarfe Gentian, Whose roote being dride in the hot shinning Sunne, From death it doth preserue the poysoned man’ Loves martyr: or, Rosalins complaint, Robert Chester (1601) (Source: EEBO)
[Alex Peden]
Comment: Could be an alternative spelling of ‘aniseed’, but could also be referring to the seeds of the indigo plant, for which ‘anil’ is another name (OED: ‘anil’, n.). It is unclear which of these Lorraine is referring to here, as although the spelling suggests the indigo seeds, aniseed would be more relevant to the making of a cordial
[Alex Peden]
Occurence: R.204
Definition: A variety of the ginger plant often used in cooking and as a medicinal agent
Comment: Balmie/Balmy is sometimes used in relation to spices, relating to flavour and aroma. It had multiple meanings at this time that could be relevant here, including ‘Yielding or producing balm’ (OED: ‘balmy’, adj.1), ‘delicately and deliciously fragrant’ (OED: ‘balmy’, adj.3) or ‘deliciously soft and soothing’ (OED: ‘balmy’, adj.4)
[Alex Peden]
Occurence: R.205
Comment: It is unclear what is meant by this, as although the OED gives the definition of cheny as ‘a sort of worsted or woollen stuff’ (OED: ‘cheyney’, n.1) and as a dialectal variant of ‘china’, relating to porcelain, particularly broken plates (OED: ‘china’, n.1.2.c.) the context here implies an ingredient or spice which is added to the cordial. In this case, this could be referring to the chaney root, also known as Jamaican sarsaparilla, of the genus Smilax, which is used to make root beers and herbal drinks.
Example: ‘Women like Cheney shou'd be kept with care, One flaw debase's her to common Ware’ Sir Courtly Nice, John Crowne (1685) (Source: OED)
[Alex Peden]
Occurence: R.204, R.208, R.209, R.210, R.212
Definition: ‘The dried flower-bud of Caryophyllus aromaticus, much used as a pungent aromatic spice’ (OED: ‘cloves’, n.2.1.a)
[Alex Peden]
Occurence: R.208, R.209, R.214
Definition – ‘a species or variety of rose, supposed to have been originally brought from Damascus. Apparently, originally the Rosa gallica variant damascena, a tall shrub with semi-double pink or light-red (rarely white) flowers, cultivated in the East for attar of roses; but this underwent many changes under cultivation in the West, and the name has been very variously applied’ (OED: ‘damask rose’, n.)
[Alex Peden]
Occurence: R.210
Definition - ‘A fluid dram = 1/ 8 fluid ounce of medicine. Therefore, a dram is a small draught of cordial, stimulant, or spirituous liquor.’ (OED: ‘dram’, n.1.3.). In this case it relates to the equivalent measurement of dry goods.
[Alex Peden]
Occurence: R.213
Definition – ‘A drink made from wine sweetened with sugar or honey and flavoured with spices and other ingredients, typically drunk as a restorative or a digestive.’ (OED: ‘hippocras’, n.)
[Alex Peden]
Occurence: R.212
Comment – the OED defines imperial water as ‘a drink made with cream of tartar, lemon (or occasionally orange) rind, and sugar, often used for medicinal purposes’ (OED: ‘imperial water’, n.). Although the purpose of this cordial is the same in this instance, the recipe is not.
[Alex Peden]
Occurence: R.209, R.210, R.212
Definition – ‘Any of various plants of the genus Origanum (family Lamiacea (Labiatae)), comprising aromatic herbs and low shrubs whose leaves are much used in cooking’ A notable example is O. vulgare, which is usually known in cookery as oregano (OED: ‘marjoram’, n.1.)
[Alex Peden]
Occurence: R.211
Comment: It is unclear what ‘morrelays’ or ‘morrlays’ are, but it appears they are central to the brewing of this cordial, the purpose of which is not stated in the text.
[Alex Peden]
Occurence: R.208, R.210, R.212
Definition: ‘The fragrant rhizome of any of several irises of the Iris germanica group; a powdered preparation of such rhizomes, used in perfumery and formerly in medicine’ (OED: ‘orris root’, n.)
[Alex Peden}
Occurence: R.210
Definition – ‘A unit of capacity for dry [or liquid] goods equal to a quarter of a bushel, now equivalent (in Britain) to two imperial gallons (approx. 9.09 litres)’ (OED: ‘peck’, n.1.2.a.)
[Alex Peden]
Occurence: R.212
Comment: Although it is uncertain what is meant here, ‘peniriell’ could be an alternative spelling for ‘pennyroyal’, which the OED defines as ‘A small-leaved, creeping mint, Mentha pulegium, native to damp heaths and similar places in Europe and western Asia […] the fresh or dried leaves of this plant, [were] formerly used medicinally and in cooking’ (OED, ‘pennyroyal’, n.1)
. However, there is no record of this word being spelt exactly this way elsewhere, although it does resemble other spellings from the time.Example: ‘Penyroyal […] good against cold and affections of the Nerves and Joynts.’ Synopsis medicinæ, William Salmon, (1671). (Source: OED)
Occurence: R.212
Definition – ‘More fully pellitory of the wall. Either of two plants of the genus Parietaria (family Urticaceae), P. officinalis and P. judaica, both having ovate leaves and inconspicuous greenish flowers and tending to grow upon or at the foot of walls’ (OED: ‘pellitory’, n.1.)
Comment:Also known as lichwort, used to treat urinary disorders.
[Alex Peden]
Occurence: R.211
Definition: ‘Any of various southern European dwarf shrubs constituting the genus Ruta (family Rutaceae), esp. (more fully common or garden rue) R. graveolens, which has yellow flowers and bitter, strongly scented feathery leaves, and was formerly much used for medicinal purposes.’ (OED, ‘rue’, n.2.1)
[Alex Peden]
Occurence: R.212
Definition – ‘A cordial or liqueur originally made with the juice of the sundew plant, later from spiced and flavoured spirits.’ (OED: ‘rosa solis’, n.1.)
[Alex Peden]
Occurence: R.205
Comment: It is unclear what is meant by this, but from context we can infer that ‘socory’ is a form of plant that is used to create a balm which is used in the brewing of cordials
Occurence: R.210
Definition – ‘A fragrant gum-resin […] In early modern use applied […] to the resin of the tree Styrax officinalis’ (OED: ‘storax’, n.1.)
Example – ‘The resin of Storax, which is sold in the Shops is two-fold, dry and liquid. The dry is called Storax-Calamite because it is put up in Reeds.’ The Complete Herbal of Physical Plants, John Pechey, (1694) (Source: OED)
[Alex Peden]
2019-07: Isobel Randall
Occurance: R.147
Definition: ‘a vessel to hold burning charcaol or fuel’ (OED: ‘chafing-dish’, n.1)
Example: ‘and put it in ye Wine and set them on a [H] Chafing dish, and let the~ stew there a good while, then take a quan|titie’ A book of cookrye Very necessary for all such as delight therin., Gathered by A.W (1591)(Source: EEBO).
[Isobel Randall]
Occurance: R.148
Defintion: ‘fresh milk having its natural sweet flavour, as distinct from skimmed milk, or from ‘sour millk’, i.e. buttermilk also attributive, as sweet-milk cheese, cheese made from unskimmed milk’ (OED: ‘sweet milk’, n.1)
Example: ‘it muste be made in pouder, and gyuen with sweate milke to the chylde to drynke’ The regiment of life, whereunto is added a treatise of the pestilence, with the boke of children Jean Goeurot (1550) (Source: EEBO).
[Isobel Randall]
Occurance:
Definition: ‘A large cask, esp. for storing liquids; spec. one of a definite capacity, varying according to the commodity held.’ (OED: ‘hogshead’, n.1)
Example: ‘proportioning three quarters of a pound of graines, and three quarters of a pound of long Pepper, to a Hogshead of Beer’ Queen Elizabeths closset of physical secrets, with certain approved medicines taken out of a manuscript found at the dessolution of one of our English abbies and supplied with the child-bearers cabinet, and preservative against the plague and small pox. Collected by the elaborate paines of four famons [sic] physitians, and presented to Queen Elizabeths own hands. A.M (1656) (Source: EEBO).
[Isobel Randall]
Occurance:
Defintion: ‘The ripened cones of the female hop-plant, used for giving a bitter flavour to malt liquors, and as a tonic and soporific’ (OED: ‘hops’, n.1)
Example: ‘When malt and hops and fuell all are cheap, Into a Brewhouse every one would leap ’ AEsop improved, or, Above three hundred and fifty fables, mostly AEsop's with their morals paraphrased in English verse : amounting to about one hundred and fifty more than do appear to have been so rendered by any other hand. Aesop (1673) (Source: EEBO)
[Isobel Randall]
Occurance:
Definition: ‘A sweet liquid produced by steeping ground malt or other grain in hot water, which is then fermented to produce beer and distilled malt liquors; unfermented beer’ (OED: ‘wort’ n.2)
Example ‘then stroak and scratch them gently, spirt some sweet Wine or Wort into their Mouths’ The husbandman, farmer and grasier's compleat instructor A. S., Gent (1697) (Source: EEBO)
[Isobel Randall]
Occurance:
Defintion: ‘Paralysis or paresis (weakness) of all or part of the body, sometimes with tremor; an instance of this’ (OED: ‘palsey’, n.1)
Example ‘or the strikers troubled with the palsey & numnesse in the armes’ The white deuil, or The hypocrite vncased in a sermon preached at Pauls Crosse, March 7. 1612. Thomas Adams (1612) (Source: EEBO).
[Isobel Randall]
Occurance:
Definition: ‘A malady, very sudden in its attack, which arrests more or less completely the powers of sense and motion; it is usually caused by an effusion of blood or serum in the brain, and preceded by giddiness, partial loss of muscular power, etc.’ (OED: ‘Apoplexy’, n)
Example ‘it preserves from the Apoplexie, Convulsion of the Nerves’ The sick-mans rare jewel wherein is discovered a speedy way how every man may recover lost health, and prolong life, how he may know what disease he hath, and how he himself may apply proper remedies to every disease, with the description, definition, signs and syptoms [sic] of those diseases. B.A (1674) (Source:EEBO).
[Isobel Randall]
Occurance:
Defintion: ‘An ointment or salve’ (OED: ‘Unguant’, n)
Example ‘Mix them together with a little Rose-water and Vinegar in a morter, to the form of an Unguent, and so use it as aforesaid’ Queen Elizabeths closset of physical secrets, with certain approved medicines taken out of a manuscript found at the dessolution of one of our English abbies and supplied with the child-bearers cabinet, and preservative against the plague and small pox. A.M (1656) (Source:EEBO)
[Isobel Randall]
Occurance:
Definition: ‘A plant ( Stachys betonica) of the Labiate order, having spiked purple flowers and ovate crenate leaves. In former days medicinal and magical virtues were attributed to it.’ (OED: ‘Betony’, n)
Example ‘Parsly, Sage leaves, Bay leaves, Rue, Balm, Plantain, Sorrell, wild Briony, Betony, Wound wort’ Queen Elizabeths closset of physical secrets, with certain approved medicines taken out of a manuscript found at the dessolution of one of our English abbies and supplied with the child-bearers cabinet, and preservative against the plague and small pox. Collected by the elaborate paines of four famons [sic] physitians, and presented to Queen Elizabeths own hands. A.M (1656) (Source: EEBO).
[Isobel Randall]
Occurance: R.153
Defintion: ‘A root (of ginger)’ (OED: ‘Race’, n.2)
Example ‘of each two ounces Race, Gin|ger, and Nutmegs’ The Gentleman's new jockey, or, Farrier's approved guide containing the exactest rules and methods for breeding and managing horses, G.L (1687) (Source: EEBO).
[Isobel Randall]
Occurance: R.153
Defintion: ‘A pole with a broad flat disc at one end, used to place loaves, etc., in an oven, and to withdraw them when baked; a baker's shovel.’ (OED: ‘peel’ n.1)
[Isobel Randall]
2019-08: Scott Reid
Occurrence: R.219
Definition: ‘A sieve.’ (OED: ‘temse’, n)
Comment: A ‘temse’ is an Old English variant of the word sieve. It is still used dialectically according to the OED, specifically for sieves used in brewing.
[Scott Reid]
Definition: ‘An early apparatus used for distilling, consisting of two connected vessels, a typically gourd-shaped cucurbit containing the substance to be distilled, and a receiver or flask in which the condensed product is collected.’ (OED: ‘Alembic’, n.1).
Comment: ‘Alembic’ is a term that is still in modern use. The semi-diplomatic text uses several different spellings of the term, but all are substituted for ‘Alembic’ in the modernised version.
[Scott Reid]
Occurrence: R.216, R.219, R.223.
Definition: ‘Sugar clarified and crystallized by slow evaporation.’ (OED: ‘Sugar Candy’, n.1).
Comment: Per the OED, ‘Sugar Candy’ comes in two forms. Brown or Red ‘Sugar Candy’ comes from the first crystallisation, while white ‘Sugar Candy’ is obtained by reboiling the former and allowing it to recrsytallize. It is an archaic term.
[Scott Reid]
Occurrence: R.223.
Definition: ‘Either of two plants of the genus Parietaria, both having ovate leaves and inconspicuous greenish flowers and tending to grow upon or at the foot of walls.’ (OED: ‘Pellitory’, n.1).
Comment: ‘Pellitory’ is a term still used to refer to a type of weed per the OED.
[Scott Reid]
Occurrence: R.223.
Definition: ‘The plant Dracunculus vulgaris’ (OED: ‘Dragonwort’, n.1).
Comment: ‘Dragonwort’ is marked obsolete by the OED. The original text makes use of the term ‘dragons’, which was ‘A popular name of dragonwort.’ (OED: n.) The modernised version of the text uses the full term ‘Dragonwort’.
[Scott Reid]
Occurrence: R.222.
Definition: ‘Name of one of the twelve apostles, the festival in whose honour is held on the 24th of August.’ (OED: ‘Bartholomew’, n,a.).
Comment: ‘Bartholomew Tide’ is given in the original text as a time during which to enjoy the wine made. The original text uses a different spelling, ‘Bartlemew Tide’, which has been standardised in the modern version.
[Scott Reid]
Occurrence: R.223.
Definition: ‘The dried immature fruit-spikes of either of two vines of South East Asia, Piper longum and P. retrofractum, used as a condiment. Also refers to the plants themselves.’ (OED: ‘Long Pepper’, n.).
[Scott Reid]
Occurrence: R.225.
Definition: ‘A hollow wooden peg or tube used in drawing off liquor; a faucet.’ (OED: ‘Spigot’, n,2.).
Comment: ‘Spigot’ is marked by the OED as obsolete.
[Scott Reid]
Occurrence: R.222.
Definition: ‘A raisin made from a grape grown in Malaga.’ (OED ‘Malaga Raisin’, n,2,a.).
Comment: ‘Malico Raisins’ would be made from the grapes also used to make wine. See note on ‘sack’.
[Scott Reid]
Occurence: R.216.
Definition: No entry in the OED. Appears to be a strong alcoholic beverage, made from wine and served in pints.
Comment: No lineage of the word to modern day language. It was listed in Scottish legal papers as being subject to additional excises in 1693. (Source: EEBO)
Example: ‘As also of two Shilling upon each Pint of Aquavity and strong Waters Browen or made of Malt, to be Vended and Sold within the Kingdom’ Act for an additional excise Edinburgh, May 5. 1693.
[Scott Reid]
Occurrence: R.214
Definition: Unknown. No OED entry or usage of the term on EEBO. Appears to be a material from which a storage bag could be manufactured.
[Scott Reid]
Occurrence: R.223.
Definition: Unknown. No OED entry or usage of the term on EEBO. Appears to be some sort of synonym of together, but it's difficult to interpret from the context.
[Scott Reid]
Occurrence: R.219.
Definition: Lap would appear to refer to the wrinkles on the skin of the date. (OED ‘Lap’, n,1.).
Comment: The white skin the recipe refers to crystallised sugar.
[Scott Reid]
2019-09: Charlotte Robson
Occurrence: R.157
Definition: ‘‘That is as warm as blood.’’
(OED:‘Bloodwarme’ n.1.)
[Charlotte Robson]
Occurrence:R.162
Definition: Mispelling of damask ‘‘a species or variety of rose, supposed to have been originally brought from Damascus.'’
(OED: ‘Damaske’ n.1.d.)
[Charlotte Robson]
Definition: Mispelling of easily.
[Charlotte Robson]
Definition: ‘‘Tragacanth gum.’’
(OED: ‘Gumdragon’ n.2.)
[Charlotte Robson]
Occurrence:R.28r-29r
Definition:‘'An aromatic gum or resin which exudes from the bark of the lentisk or mastic tree.’’
(OED: ‘Mastick’ n.1.a.)
[Charlotte Robson]
Occurrence:R.28r-29r
Definition: mispelling of mountainy ‘inhabiting a mountainous region’.
(OED: ‘Mountany’ n.1.a.)
[Charlotte Robson]
Occurrence: R.28r-29r
Definition: ‘A kind of gum or resin, esp. the dry resin obtained from pine trees’.
(OED:‘Perrosen’ n.1.a.)
[Charlotte Robson]
Occurrence: R.25v-26v
Definition: Mispelling of pestle. ‘A club-shaped instrument with a round end, used to crush or pound substances’.
(OED:‘Pistill’ n.1.a.)
[Charlotte Robson]
Occurrence: R.159
Definition: Mispelling of posnet. ‘A small metal pot used for boiling water’.
(OED: ‘Posnit’ n.1.a.)
[Charlotte Robson]
Occurrence: R.162
Definition: Mispelling of pretty. Both quantifier and adjective.
[Charlotte Robson]
Occurence:R.28r-29r
Definition: Venice, appears as Venis Turpentine. See 'cempher' also. ‘The common varnish used for oil paintings and maps’.
(OED: ‘Venis’ n:1.c.)
[Charlotte Robson]
Occurrence: R.28r-29r
Definition: No results found. Possible mispelling of Latin 'semper' meaning 'always'.
[Charlotte Robson]
Occurrence:R.159
Definition: Used alonside 'March'. Phonetic spelling of marzipan. ‘Flat disc of marzipan mounted on wafers and usually decorated with motifs made from similar paste or other materials’.
(OED:‘March Pains’ n.1.a.)
[Charlotte Robson]
2019-10: Sarah Simmons
Occurance: R.139
Definition: Bread made in flattened cakes; or of the finer and more dainty quality of cake. (OED: ‘cake-bread’,a. n.)
Comment: Definition is a break down of the term "Biscake bread" into "cake-bread". Biscake has also been defined as "biscuit" (OED: ‘Biscake’,n.)
[Sarah Simmons]
Occurance: R.137
Definition: A comb similar to one used for hair, but made for baking.
[Sarah Simmons]
Occurance: R.140
Defintion:‘A kind of sweet cake or biscuit, formerly often made up in the form of rings or rolls.’ (OED: ‘Jumbales’,n.).
[Sarah Simmons]
Shrosbery Suagr: most likely refers to sugar specifically from Shrewsbury, England or Suagr Loaf
[Sarah Simmons]
Uske Amber Grease: most likely refering to amber grease specifically from the Usk Valley in England
[Sarah Simmons]
Annaseed, most likely refering to aniseed which is ‘the seed of the anise, used as a carminative, and in the preparation of Oil of Anise, Spirit of Anise, Anise water, and Anisette.’ (OED: ‘type="term">Aniseed’,a.1, n.).
[Sarah Simmons]
2019-11: Sarah Wightman
Occurrence: R.184.
Comment: Misspelling of ‘flos ung’ or ‘flos vng’, the shortened form of ‘los unguentorum’, or ‘the flower of ointments’. According to the Dictionary of Medical Vocabulary in English, 1375-1550 by Juhani Norri, ‘flos unguentorum’ refers to an ointment used for various ills, such as wounds, aches, and swellings, during the early modern period (Source: Norri, Dictionary of Medical Vocabulary in English, p.430).
[Sarah Wightman]
Occurrence: R.184.
Comment: ‘Impostium’, as it appears in the manuscript, appears to be a misspelling of ‘impostume’, which refers to ‘a purulent swelling or cyst in any part of the body; an abscess’ (Source: OED: ‘impostume’, n.1).
[Sarah Wightman]
Occurrence: R.184.
Comment: A medical condition where the sinews of the stomach were believed to have shrunk as a result of excessive fatigue (Source: Webster’s Dictionary).
[Sarah Wightman]
Occurrence: R.184.
Comment: Archaic term that refers to ruptured sinew.
[Sarah Wightman]
Occurrence: R.185.
Definition: ‘Having weak or diseased nerves. Poor, weak, nervous creatures. Cheney.’(Source: LEME)
Comment: The term can be found under the entry for ‘Nervous’ in Samuel Johnson’s A Dictionary of the English Language (1755, p.1357). According to his definition, ‘Cheney’ was a synonym of nervous that was exclusively used in medical cant.
[Sarah Wightman]
Occurrence: R.185.
Definition: ‘A water-soluble gum exuded by certain acacias (esp. Acacia senegal), used in the food and cosmetics industries and in glue and incense’(Source: OED: ‘gum arabic’, n.1).
Comment: Gum arabic is utilised as a thickening agent in a variety of modern day foods. In the Jane Loraine manuscript, it is used as a thickening agent and emulsifier for both medicinal and food recipes.
[Sarah Wightman]
Occurrence: R.187.
Definition: ‘Affected with or constitutionally liable to ‘melancholy’ as a medical condition; accompanying ‘melancholy’’, or ‘a pathological condition thought to result from an excess of black bile in the body, characterized in early references by sullenness, ill temper, brooding, causeless anger, and unsociability, and later by despondency and sadness’ (Source: OED, ‘Melancholy’, n.2 and n.1).
Comment: Although ‘melancholy’ continues to refer to sadness and despondency, it also previously referred to a medical condition caused by an excess of black bile in humoral theory. Recipes in the Jane Loraine referring to ‘melancholy’ are thus attempting to remedy the effects of excessive black bile.
[Sarah Wightman]
Occurrence: R.187.
Definition: ‘A syrup prepared from poppy-heads, used chiefly as an opiate.’ (Source: OED, ‘Diacodium’, n.).
Comment: Common misspelling of ‘Diacodium’, a medicine used in the treatment of melancholy273 afflictions.
[Sarah Wightman]
Occurrence: R.188.
Comment: Possible misspelling of ‘balsame’, which refers to a type of apple which could be made into a balm believed to be capable of closing up wounds(Source: LEME).
[Sarah Wightman]
Occurrence: R.188.
Comment: Misspelling of ‘Fetherfoil’, an aquatic plant which is also known as the Hottonia Palustris, or water violet.
[Sarah Wightman]
Occurrence: R.195.
Comment: Although it refers to an atom or a likewise minute quantity in the literal sense, it was used colloquially to refer to a pinch when used in the context of food (Source: LEME).
[Sarah Wightman]
Occurrence: R.189.
Comment: A cordial drink that usually contained a wide variety of spices. The heat of the spices was believed to increase the heat of the drinker, thus encouraging lust (Source: historicfood.com, Cordial Waters).
[Sarah Wightman]
Occurrence: R.195.
Comment: A drink intended to act as a cure for tuberculosis that contained cockerel meat as a primary ingredient.
[Sarah Wightman]
OccurrenceR.195
Comment: Defined as ‘To put asunder; to separate, divide, set apart; to sunder’ in the OED, this refers to the act separating the cuts of meat (Source: OED, ‘Asunder’, v.1).
[Sarah Wightman]
2020-01: Ashley Anderson
Occurence:R.279.
Definition:‘A morbid condition characterized by the accumulation of watery fluid in the serous cavities or the connective tissue of the body’ (OED: ‘dropsy’,n.1).
Comment: currently known as edema
Example: ‘The Widow Fenn, alias Fenner, living in Hayton-Street in the Parish of West-Furle in Sussex, being troubled with a Dropsy for a long time, so that her Belly and Legs were mightily swelled, the small of her Legs being as big as the Thighs of most Men, and withal very Astmatical, so that she could hardly breath, having made use of several Physicians for her Cure, but all unsuccessful, was at last perswaded to make use of my Pills; and by the use of 7 or 8 s. worth of them was throughly cured’,The Catholick Or Universal Pill. for the Cure of the Scurvy, Dropsy, Jaundice, Leprosy, Kings-Evil, Green Sickness, Or any Other Chronick Distemper Whatsover, John Holney(1678) (Source:EEBO).
[Ashley Anderson]
Occurence:R.280.
Definition:‘An erect herbaceous plant, Tanacetum vulgare, N.O. Compositæ, tribe Corymbiferæ, growing about two feet high, with deeply cut and divided leaves, and terminal corymbs of yellow rayless button-like flowers; all parts of the plant have a strong aromatic scent and bitter taste.’(OED:‘tansy’,n.1).
Example:‘Tansie may be sowed in March or April; the Roots being removed, will prosper’,The Epitome of the whole Art of Husbandry,Joseph Blagrave(1610-1682) (Source:EBBO).
[Ashley Anderson]
Occurence:R.282.
Definition:‘to remove the skin from a person's or animal's body’(Cambridge Dictionary ‘flead’,n.1).
Example:‘...deafen your eares, and harden your hearts against all cryes and prayers for mercie: But if you meet with any of their Clergie, reserve them for more exquisite torments, and a lingring death; I intend to have them flead alive’,The Latest Remarkable Truths from Worcester, Chester, Salop, Warwick, Stafford, Somerset, Devon, Yorke, and Lincoln Counties,Anonymous, printed for T.Vnderhill in 1642(Source:EEBO).
[Ashley Anderson]
Occurence:R.282
Definition:‘To tie in a bundle, or stow away closely in a receptacle; to bundle, pack. Also with up. (With the stuff, or the bundle or receptacle, as object.) Now rare or Obsolete’(OED:‘trust’,n.1).
Comment: One would truss the legs and/or wings of an animal prior to cooking to make boiling and overall cooking process easier
[Ashley Anderson]
Occurence: R.282
Comment: pre-17th century spelling of the word orange (Source OED)
[Ashley Anderson]
2020-02: Megan Ayres
OccurrenceR.293
Comment: Transcribes as 'Mer' and taken to be an abbreviation of 'Mr' as the symbol in the transcription translates as 'er' in all other contexts in this handwriting, for example in 'rosewater' of the same recipe.
[Megan Ayres]
Occurrence R.294
Definition: ‘A substance consisting of somewhat hard animal fat (esp. that obtained from the parts about the kidneys of ruminating animals, now chiefly the sheep and ox), separated by melting and clarifying from the membranes, etc., naturally mixed with it; used for making candles and soap, dressing leather, and other purposes’ (OED: ‘tallow’, n.1).
[Megan Ayres]
Occurrence R.294
Comment: Most likely refers to 'smelled' as a descriptive adjective, ‘With qualifying terms: Scented; smelling’ (OED: ‘smelled’, adj.). Within the context of recipe R.294, the apples being 'well smelled' would probably equate to 'well ripened'.
Example: ‘Weele washine and weele smellit naprie’, Extr. Aberd. Burgh Rec., (1617) (Source: OED).
[Megan Ayres]
Occurrence: R.294
Definition: ‘A small (usually earthenware) pot or pan’ (OED: ‘pipkin’, n.1).
Example: ‘PI'PKIN. n.s. [diminutive of pipe, a large vessel.] A small earthern boiler’, A Dictionary of the English Language, Samuel Johnson (1755) (Source: LEME).
[Megan Ayres]
Occurrence: R.294
Comment: Transcribed as 'water lillis' instead of 'littis' due to the looped nature of the 'l's, which is consistent with all other examples of 'l' in this page of the transcript, but not with 't'. Water lilly refers to ‘Any of the various aquatic plants constituting the family Nymphaeaceae, having large, rounded floating leaves and showy emergent flowers’ (OED: ‘water lily’, n.1). Additionally, water lily was commonly used in early modern recipes pertaining to hair, as per the below example.
Example: ‘To make the Hair grow again; Take the Leaves of Water Lily, boil them well in fresh butter, strain them and then beat them well together again. Make an Ointment, wherewith anoint the plane, and it will grow wonderfully’, A guide to the practical physician shewing, Théophile Bonet (1686) (Source: EEBO).
[Megan Ayres]
Occurrence: R.294
Definition: ‘An article or vessel made of porcelain; a piece of porcelain or chinaware’ (OED: ‘purslin’, n.2).
[Megan Ayres]
Occurrence: R.295
Comment: This refers to Aqua miriae, a medicinal water comprising of predominantly canary wine, rose water, Aqua coelestis and infused with saffron, amber grease, musk, and sandalwood - corroborated via numerous sources (found using EEBO).
Example: ‘The Virtue of Aqua Mariae. | It is good for all infirmities of the Spleen and to open the obstru|ctions thereof, it comforteth the vital parts, and it is good against all passions of the heart; it preser|veth the meat in the stomach from putrefaction; it helpeth digesti|on and expelleth wind’, A choice manual, or Rare secrets in physick and chirurgery, Countess of Kent Elizabeth Grey (1687) (Source: EEBO).
[Megan Ayres]
Occurrence: R.295
Definition: ‘Sandalwood n., in its various applications’ (OED: ‘sanders’, n.1).
Example: ‘There are 3. sorts of Sanders, that is, white, yelow, and red’, Discours of voyages into ye Easte & West Indies, William Phillip (1598) (Source: OED).
[Megan Ayres]
Occurrence: R.295
Comment: Sarsenet is defined as ‘A very fine and soft silk material made both plain and twilled, in various colours, now used chiefly for linings’, (OED: ‘sarsenet’, n.1). In the context of R.295, the piece of cloth is being used to strain and diffuse the spices into the liquid.
[Megan Ayres]
Occurrence: R.295
Comment: Most likely refers to Aqua coelestis; Thomas Blount refers to it as a ‘rectified wine, being in some sort made like the heaven for subtilty and pureness’, Glossographia, (1661) (Source: EEBO). It was used for medicinal purposes, for example ‘if without Fever give Aqua-Mirabilis, Caelestis, or so, or good Wine, let him smell to Benizon, Storax, Musk, &c’, The Country-mans physician, Anon (1680) (Source: EEBO).
[Megan Ayres]
Occurrence: R.295
Comment: It is unknown what exactly is meant by ‘pupits’, however Sara Pennell notes that in John French’s recipes for Aqua mariae a sarsenet bag is often hung inside the liquid mixture for diffusion of herbs & spices – the ‘pupit’ seems to be related to this process, either as the bags themselves or a part of some sort of contraption (Source: per. comm.)
[Megan Ayres]
Occurrence: R.296
Definition: ‘A plant of the genus Cyclamen, esp. C. europæum, the fleshy tuberous root-stocks of which are eaten by swine’, (OED: ‘sowbread’, n.1).
Example: ‘The Sow-Bread do's afford rich Food for Swine, Physick for Man, and Garlands for the Shrine’, The works of Mrs. Behn: Entire in three volumes, A. Behn (1687) (Source: OED).
[Megan Ayres]
Occurrence: R.297
Comment: May refer to ‘serous’: ‘Of or pertaining to serum; consisting of or containing serum; of the nature of serum’, (OED: ‘serous’, n.1). ‘Serous’ can refer to bodily fluids that resemble serum, such as that found in membranes. However, I am unable to source any alternative meaning or ingredient outside of the manuscript.
[Megan Ayres]
2020-03: Teagan Bowling-Henderson
OccurrenceV.46
Comment: A common size loaf of bread set in the Assize Bread act in 1226. (Source: CooksInfo.com)
[Teagan Bowling-Henderson]
OccurrenceV.46
Comment: A member of the nettle family that does not sting. It is thought to promote perspiration when made into tea. (source: theresagreen.me)
[Teagan Bowling-Henderson]
OccurenceV.46
Comment: Flowers on a peach tree that typically bloom in spring, up to 3-5 months before the fruits. (source: homeguides.sfgate.com)
[Teagan Bowling-Henderson]
2020-04: Simone Gaddes
Occurrence: R.289
Definition: ‘To melt down (fat) in order to clarify it. Also: to obtain or extract (fat) from meat, an animal, etc., by heating.’ (OED: ‘render’, v.20.a)
[Simone Gaddes]
Occurence: R.289
Definition: ‘The husk of wheat, barley, oats, or other grain, separated from the flour after grinding; in technical use, the coarsest portion of the ground husk.’ (OED: ‘bran’, n.1.a)
[Simone Gaddes]
Occurrence: R.289
Definition: ‘Formerly: a kind of sweet apple, typically late-ripening, fine-flavoured, and having good keeping qualities. Now (frequently with distinguishing word): any of numerous fine-flavoured varieties of dessert apple.’ (OED: ‘pipping’
[Simone Gaddes]
Occurrence: R.289
Definition: ‘As much as can be bought or sold for a penny.’ (OED: ‘pennyworth’, n.1.a)
[Simone Gaddes]
Occurrence: R.291
Definition: ‘A tall herbaceous plant, Alisma plantago-aquatica (family Alismataceae), with broad leaves and pale violet flowers, found in or near shallow water.’ (OED: ‘Water plantain’, n.1.)
Example: ‘‘Wa|ter-Plantain’ grows common, and is much used in Arthritic Cases […],’The natural history of Lancashire, Cheshire, and the Peak in Derbyshire,Charles Leigh (1700) (Source: EEBO)
[Simone Gaddes]
Occurence: R.292
Definition: ‘The fatty membrane investing the intestines; the epiploön or omentum.’ (OED: ‘Caul’, n.5.a)
Example: ‘wrap this composition in the Caul of the Lamb, and stuff the belly thereof with it, and then prick it up close; when it is roasted enough, serve it up with Venison sauce,’The compleat English and French cook, Anon (1690) (Source: EEBO)
[Simone Gaddes]
Occurence: R.292
Comment: Most likely refers to cheesecloth, which is ‘a type of cloth, thin, light, and loosely woven, used esp. in cheese-making to strain the whey from the curd; (also) a piece of such cloth,’(OED: ‘Cheesecloth’, n.). In the context of R.292, the cloth is used to drain water.
[Simone Gaddes]
Occurence: R.292
Defintion: ‘A shrubby plant of brackish ditches […] native to Eurasia and North Africa, which has ovate leaves, pale pink flowers, and a mucilaginous root.’ (OED: ‘marshmallow’, n.1.a)
Example: ‘The Marshmallow-roots, by scra|ping with a knife, must be freed from those strings that hang about them; likewise their hard cordy substance must be taken away from them […],’The family-physician, and the house-apothecary, Harvey Gideon (1678) (Source: EEBO)
[Simone Gaddes]
Occurrence: R.292
Comment: ‘Any plant (or its flower) of the genus Lilium (family Liliaceæ) of bulbous herbs bearing at the top of a tall slender stem large showy flowers of white, reddish, or purplish colour, often marked with dark spots on the inside […].’ (OED: ‘lily’, n.1.a)
Example: ‘For cornes of the feete. ‘WHite Lilly rootes’ boyled in Vineger, applied as a plaister,’ Rams little Dodeon, Rembert Dodeon (1606) (Source: EEBO)
[Simone Gaddes]
Occurence: R.292
Definition: ‘Now historical. A large, juicy, sharp-tasting variety of apple.’ (OED: ‘pomewater’)
[Simone Gaddes]
Occurence: R.292
Definition: ‘Bitartrate of potash (acid potassium tartrate), present in grape juice, deposited in a crude form in the process of fermentation, and adhering to the sides of wine-casks in the form of a hard crust […] which in the crude state varies from pale pink to dark red, but when purified forms white crystals, which are cream of tartar.’ (OED: ‘tartar’, n.1.a)
Example: ‘TAke as much as you please of Tartar calcin'd to whiteness, properly called Salt of Tar|tar, or of Ashes made of burnt Lees of Wine, call'd Gravell'd Ashes […],’The art of chymistryP. Thibaut (1675) (Source: EEBO)
[Simone Gaddes]
Occurence: R.292
Definition: ‘Old name for a saturated solution of potassium carbonate.’ (OED: ‘oil of tartar’, n.1.C1.)
Example: ‘The Oyl of Tartar is very scouring and drying; and is therefore excellent to rub all Scabs, Itch, and Tetters; as also to take away Spots, and Sun|burns upon the Hands and Face,’The art of chymistryP. Thibaut (1675) (Source: EEBO)
[Simone Gaddes]
2020-05: George Gardner
Occurrence: R.283, R.284, R.285, R.286, R.287.
Definition: (a) ‘Corruption of benjoin, earlier form of BENZOIN, n., assimilated to the proper name Benjamin’ (OED: ‘benjamin’, n.1) (b) ‘A dry and brittle resinous substance, with a fragrant odour and slightly aromatic taste, obtained from the Styrax Benzoin, a tree of Sumatra, Java... now termed gum benzoin’ (OED: ‘benzoin’, n.1)
[George Gardner]
Occurrence: R.283.
Definition: ‘An aromatic gum resin obtained from trees of the North African genus Boswellia (family Burseraceae), esp. Boswellia sacra, formerly used as a medicine but now chiefly as incense; frankincense.’ (OED: ‘olibanum’, n.)
Example: ‘Take Olibanum, and rost it in a Fig, and apply it to their great Toe.’ Queen Elizabeth's Closset of physical secrets, A.M. (1656) (Source: EEBO).
[George Gardner]
Occurrence: R.283.
Definition: (a) ‘The wood of exogenous plants, comprising both alburnum and duramen.’ (OED: ‘lignum’, n.1) (b) ‘Obsolete, candle-wood, Amyris balsamifera.’ (OED: ‘lignum rhodium’, n.1.c)
Example: ‘The first shall be of Lignum Ro|dium, or Rose-wood, which containes two pro|fitable Substances, the one Spiritous and Watry, the other Sulphurous and Oyly, and both these Substances very Sable and Volatile; so that they must be distilled with a Worm or Refrigerant.’ The Compleat Chemist, Christophe Glaser (1667) (Source: EEBO)
[George Gardner]
Definition: ‘A yellowish or brownish unctuous substance, having a strong musky smell, obtained from sacs or glands in the anal pouch of several animals of the Civet genus, especially of the African Civet-cat. It is used in perfumery.’ (OED: ‘civet’, n.2.a.)
Example: ‘....a peece of cotten wool wetted in Rose water, and put to it a good quantity of Murk and Ambergreace made into powder, and sprinkle them with some Civet dissolved in Rose water, lay the Cotten in double paper, and dry it over a chaffia dish of coales…’ A Book of fruits & flovvers. Anonymous (1653) (Source: EEBO)
[George Gardner]
Occurrence: R.285.
Definition: ‘A day on which a religious festival in honour of the Virgin Mary is celebrated. Now only March 25th, the Feast of the Annunciation.’ (OED: ‘Lady Day’, n.1)
Comment: The Lady Day represents the first day of the year before the Gregorian Calendar was introduced in 1752. The text implies that the moss must be gathered in the first quarter of the year, between the 25th March and the 15th August.
[George Gardner]
Occurrence: R.285.
Definition: ‘A genus of aromatic herbs, Calamintha (family Labiatæ), including the Common Calamint ( C. officinalis), formerly in repute for its medicinal virtues.’ (OED: ‘calamint’, n.1
2020-06: Clio Hummerstone
Occurrence: R.276
Comment: Ribbon jelly was a popular luxury food in 18th Century cookery; ‘‘Jellies' as gelatins were called, rose in status and began to be prominently stacked in geometric pyramids dyed in 'ribbons' of luminous colors’ (Recipes for Thought: Knowledge and Taste in the Early Modern English Kitchen, Wendy Wall (2015) (Source: University of Pennsylvania Press, pg.98)
Example: ‘To make Ribband Jelly … run the Jelly into little high Glasffes, run every Colour as thick as your Finger, once Colour must be thorough cold before you put another on’ The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy, Hannah Glasse, (1995) (Source: Prospect Books, pg.182)
[Clio Hummerstone]
Occurrence: R.276
Definition: ‘A dye-stuff consisting of the dried bodies of the insect Coccus cacti, which is found on several species of cactus in Mexico and elsewhere. It is used for making carmine, and as a brilliant scarlet dye; also in medicine as an antispasmodic’(OED: ‘cochineal’, n.1)
Example: ‘you must colour red with cochineal, green with spinach, yellow with saffron, blue with syrup of violets’The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy, Hannah Glasse, (1995) (Source: Prospect Books, pg.182)
[Clio Hummerstone]
Occurrence: R.276
Comment: Probably a misspelling of the word slate given the context, the semi-diplomatic version of the text uses the original form ‘slafe’, this is substituted in the modernised version with ‘slate’.
[Clio Hummerstone]
Occurrence: R.276
Definition: ‘Barely, only just; not quite’(OED: ‘scarce’, adv.2)
Comment: The OED marks the use of scarce as an adverb as archaic or literary. The semi-diplomatic version of the text uses the original form ‘scarce’ this is substituted in the modernised version with the modern equivalent ‘scarecly’.
Example: ‘Take some of the syrup with one Raspice, and let it cool, and if it will scarce run out, it is enough’ The ladies cabinet enlarged and opened: containing many rare secrets, and rich ornaments of several kindes, and different uses, M.B. (1654) (Source: EEBO)
[Clio Hummerstone]
Occurrence: R.276
Comment: Rune is a word of Germanic origin that the OED marks as obsolete. Although the dictionary marks it as a noun in this context it is used as a verb. The semi-diplomatic version of the text uses the original form ‘rune’, this is substituted in the modernised version with the modern equivalent ‘run’. (OED: ‘rune’, n.1)
[Clio Hummerstone]
Occurrence: R.277
Definition: ‘A strong broth, made of meat, fowl, etc., boiled and strained; used especially as a nourishing food for sick persons. ‘Beef-tea’ is a well-known form’(OED: ‘cullis’, n.1)
[Clio Hummerstone]
Occurrence: R.277
Definition: ‘To wash and cleanse with boiling water: the carcasses of animals, esp. swine and poultry, in order to remove hair or feathers, etc.’(OED: ‘scald’, v.3.a)
[Clio Hummerstone]
Occurrence: R.277
Definition: ‘Surpassing in amount or degree; extremely great, excessive’(OED: ‘exceeding’, adj.a.1)‘Prefixed to adjectives or adverbs. Very common in 17–18th centuries; now somewhat archaic’(OED: ‘exceedingly’, adv.b)
Comment: In this context ‘exceeding’ is most likely a misspelling, or an alternative form of ‘exceedingly’.
Example: ‘The Broth is not only very pallatable, but exceeding wholesome’ The compleat English and French cook, Anonymous (1690) (Source: EEBO)
[Clio Hummerstone]
Occurrence: R.278
Comment: In the early modern period distilled waters ‘such as snail water and milk water [were] served as popular medicines for treating consumption and plague’, throughout this period distillation ‘was a popular method used by aristocratic women ... for creating and distributing charitable medicine.’ Hobby and Craft: Distilling Household Medicine in Eighteenth-Century England, Katherine Allen, (2016) (Source: Early Modern Women, 11(1), pp.91-101).
[Clio Hummerstone]
Occurrence: R.278
Comment: A misspelling of convulsions, in the semi-diplomatic version it remains as ‘convoltions’ and in the modernised it is changed to ‘convulsions’. From the context the convulsions are most likely being referred to as a symptom of epilepsy which in the early modern period was commonly known as 'falling sickness'.'Not of so merry cheer': Falling sickness in the early modern period, Ruth Selman (2019) (Source: https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/falling-sickness-in-the-early-modern-period/).
[Clio Hummerstone]
Occurrence: R.278
Definition: ‘A disease that causes wasting of the body, spec. tuberculosis’ (OED: ‘consumption’, n.2.a)
[Clio Hummerstone]
Occurrence:R.278
Comment: During the early modern period ‘cures involving animal blood were by no means uncommon … for many epileptics, blood therapy was the first choice’ (Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires, the History of Corpse Medicine from the Renaissance to the Victorians, Richard Sugg (2011) (Source: Routledge, pp.82-83)
[Clio Hummerstone]
2020-07: Charlotte Nixon
Occurence R.300.
Comment: Read is a common spelling of red from the period (as shown in the example below), therfore, the recipe denotes a red pig. Potentially refrence to the Berkshire Pig, which, whilst nowadays appears as black and white in colour, appeared to be a variety of colours during the 17th cenuty, as is highlighted by the Royal Breed Survival Trust: ‘'The Berkshire is the oldest recorded pedigree pig in Britain [...] The breed of the 17th century was very different to the modern breed, being large and coming in a varity of colours.'’ (Source: https://www.rbst.org.uk/berkshire)
Example: ‘'Ȝit we writeþ capital lettres wiþ reed colour.'’(Source: J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron, OED: ‘Red’, adj. and n.)
Example: ‘'This sort are mostly red, and red spotted with black, and in Northamptonshire[...] are called the Berkshire breed.'’ (Source:J.Mordant (1761), OED: ‘Berkshire’, n.1)
[Charlotte Nixon]
Occurence: R.300
Definition: ‘'An apparatus for distillation, consisting essentially of a close vessel (alembic, retort boiler) in which the substance to be distilled is subjected to the action of heat, and of arrangements for the condensation of vapour produced. Also applied to the alembic or retort separatley.'’ (OED: ‘Still’, n.1, 1.a)
[Charlotte Nixon]
Occurence: R.300
Comment: This is likely referring to what later develops into the Lincolnshire red Breed that exists today: ‘'Dutch cattle were brought to the eastern coast of England in the 17th century. At the time they were mainly red, or red-and-white-animals.'’ (Source: Valerie Porter, World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding, (CABI, 9 Mar 2016) pg. 229).
[Charlotte Nixon]
Occurence: R.300.
Comment: There is no record of the word bittany appearing in the OED. However, the word appears to be a common ingredient in many early modern recipes. From the recipes it is found in it appears to be a plant, and is perhaps another spelling of the word dittany, which is defined as, ‘‘a labiate plant, Origanum Dictamnus, called also Dictamnus Creticus or dittany of Crete; formerly famous for its alleged medicinal virtues.’’ (OED: ‘‘Dittany’’, N.1)
Example: ‘‘twelue leaues of bittany of the wood.’’(Source: County Contements of the English Husvvife, 1623, EEBO)
[Charlotte Nixon]
Occurence: R.300.
Comment: There is only one other recorder example of this word in this spelling, which appears in the original text of Shakespeare's Henry V. This is changed in all later editions of the text to Fumitory.
Definition: ‘'Fumitory: A plant opf genus fumaria (or the related Corydalis), usually F. offinicinalis.'’(OED:‘Fumitory’, n.1.a)
Example:'Darnell, Hemlock, and anke Femetary, Doth too vpon...' (Source: Mr VVilliam Shakespeares comedieas, histories, and tragedies Published according to the originall copies, 'The Life of Henry Fift', Actus Quintus, EEBO).
[Charlotte Nixon]
Definition: ‘'A fatty substance, which in a purified state has the form of a soft white scaly mass, found in the head (and to some extent in other parts) of the sperm-whale (Physeter macroephalus) and some other whales and dolphins; it is used largely in various medicinal preparations, and in the manufacture of candles.'’ (OED: ‘spermaceti’, n.1)
Example: ‘'then put therto a quantitie of Spermaceti, and mixe them very well together.'’ (Source: Practioner in physicke, A.T, 1596, EEBO)
[Charlotte Nixon]
Occurrence: R.300
Definition: ‘Raspberry’ (OED: ‘Rasp’, n.2)
Example: ‘'For kindes of fruites, they haue..rasps, strawberies, and hurtilberies.'’ (Source: K. Fletcher, Of Russe Commonwealth iii, OED: ‘Rasp’, n.2)
[Charlotte Nixon]
Occurence: R.301
Definition:‘'To trim (an object) by cutting off projecting, irregular, or superficial parts; to cut close to the edge so as to make even or neat; to cut away the outer edge or outside (of something) in thin layers, slices, or flakes; to peel or skin (a piece of fruit, etc).'’(OED: ‘Paire’, v.1, 1.a)
[Charlotte Nixon]
Occurence: R.302
Comment: Described as ‘'attributive (of the [bean] plant',’(OED: ‘Bean,’ n.1, general relation, c1.d.(b)) We can therfore see this as the flower that comes from the plant which seeds 'beans'.
Definition: ‘'A smooth kidney-shaped laterally flattened seed, borne in long pods.'’ (OED: ‘Bean’, n.1)
[Charlotte Nixon]
Occurence: R.302
Comment: Attributive of the Elderflower. This, therfore, denotes the bud stage of the elderflower. The recipe instructs the inclusion of a newly flowered elder flower before the buds have opened.
[Charlotte Nixon]
Occurence: R.302
Definiton: ‘A small piece of bolied sugar. Also: a degree of condensation and stickiness reached in boiling sugar’. (OED: ‘pearle’, n.1).
[Charlotte Nixon]
2020-08: Nicholle Turner
Definition: ‘A receptacle of a hard material (e.g. marble, brass, wood, or glass), having a cup-shaped cavity in which ingredients used in pharmacy, cookery, etc., are pounded with a pestle.’ (OED: ‘mortar’, n.1)
Example: ‘white Poppie, and Lettice seeds of each two drams, beate them all in a morter to powder.’ The Charitable Physitian, P. Guybert (1633) (Source: EEBO).
Comment: Throughout the manuscript, ‘morter’ is used as a misspelling or alternate spelling of ‘mortar’. In the seventeenth-century, it was common for affluent households to own several mortars that were each made from different materials.
[Nicholle Turner]
Occurrence: R.303
Definition: ‘A piece of bread dipped or steeped in water, wine, etc., before being eaten or cooked.’ (OED: ‘sop’, n.1)
Example: ‘The dipped sop was a peice of the blessed and broken bread, dipt into the wine.’ Of Receiving The Commvnion In The Company of Svch, whom we conceive not so good, holy, and rightly principled, as we wish they were, Anonymous (1651) (Source: EEBO).
[Nicholle Turner]
Occurrence: R.303
Definition: The meaning of this term is unknown. There is no use of the term in any recovered documents from the period across EEBO or LEME, and it does not have an OED entry. From its context in the recipe book, it is most likely a unit of measurement.
[Nicholle Turner]
Occurrence: R.303
Definition: ‘The residuum obtained by precipitation from an acid solution; a precipitate; a resinous extract’ of pearl. (OED: ‘magistery’, n.5b)
Example: ‘Vinegar, whereto put the Pearles being bruised, and let them digest therein for a Month, […] they be Resolved into a Water; Separate the Acetum, […] thou shalt find the Pearls in the bottom Resolved into a Water: this is the Magistery of Pearls.’ Archidoxis, Paracelsus (1660) (Source: EEBO).
Comment: ‘Magestry of pearle’ is written in the manuscript in a misspelling of ‘magistery of pearl’. It is still used in modern cosmetics to preserve a youthful appearance. As the precipitation process is expensive and time-consuming, recipes containing this ingredient were most likely written for affluent, aristocratic individuals.
[Nicholle Turner]
Occurrence: R.303
Comment: Sir James Pemerton’s identity remains a mystery as there is currently no historical material which documents Pemerton ancestry in the period. Pemerton may be a misspelling of Pemberton, potentially referring to the Pemberton family of County Durham; an affluent, aristocratic family in the north of England who owned the Manor of Aislaby at the time of the recipe book’s publication. However, as there is no other documented association between the Pemberton and Loraine households, this is only speculation. A History of the County of Durham: Volume 3, William Page (1928) (Source: British History Online)
[Nicholle Turner]
Occurrence: R.304
Definition: An ‘oil-rich kernel formerly used medicinally and as a flavouring... which can yield a dangerous quality of cyanide.’ As it is inedible in its raw form, it is ‘processed to produce oil.’ (OED: ‘almond’, n.1)
Example: ‘The oyle of bitter almondes doth open the eares very much.’ Aphorisms, John XXI, Pope d. 1277 (1560) (Source: EEBO).
[Nicholle Turner]
Occurrence: R.305
Definition: ‘A redness or eruption on the skin, accompanied by a sensation of heat, or indicating inflammation.’ (OED: ‘Heat’, n.7)
Example: ‘Drinke the water with suger, to coole all inward vnnaturall heates, & swellings in the body.’ The garden of health conteyning the sundry rare and hidden vertues and properties of all kindes of simples and plants, William Langham (1597) (Source: EEBO).
Comment: ‘Heates’ is a misspelling or alternate spelling of ‘heats.’
[Nicholle Turner]
Occurrence: R.305
Definition: ‘The pulverulent [powdered] form of any substance, especially as the result of condensation after sublimation.’ (OED: ‘flower’, n.2c)
Example: ‘Flower of Sulphur is the purest of the Sulphur, that sticks to the Head of the Alembic, in sublimation by Fire.’ The New Wold of English Words, or, a General Dictionary, Edward Phillips (1720) (Source: Archive.org)
[Nicholle Turner]
Occurrence: R.305
Definition: An inflammable chemical element characterised as a ‘greenish-yellow non-metallic substance.’ (OED, ‘brimstone’, n.1)
Example: ‘Brimstone... helpeth affections of the lungs, cleanseth putrid wounds or ulcers, and cicatrizeth.’ Panoryktologia. Sive Pammineralogicon, Robert Lovell (1661) (Source: EEBO).
Comment: ‘Brinstone’ is a misspelling or alternate spelling of ‘brimstone’, the vernacular term for sulphur. It was used medicinally in the seventeenth-century as an anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial agent.
[Nicholle Turner]
Occurrence: R.305
Definition: ‘The seed of flax, well known as the source of linseed-oil.’ (OED: ‘linseed’, n.1)
Example: ‘And oile of Linseed, which is called flax seed are most vsed, & be most best of al other oyles.’ A very proper treatise, wherein is breefely set forth the art of limming, Thomas Purfoote (1583) (Source: EEBO).
Comment: ‘Lintseed’ is a misspelling or alternate spelling of ‘linseed’, a highly popular ingredient in early modern England. It features in over 96 medicinal texts from the period (EEBO), and was frequently used for aiding digestion and to make poultices to treat inflammatory diseases.
[Nicholle Turner]
Occurrence: R.306
Definition: ‘The plant Crithmum maritimum (growing on rocks by the sea), the aromatic saline fleshy leaves.’ (OED: ‘samphire’, n.1)
Example: ‘Samphire grows on rocks, is under Jupiter, and expels Urine, […] and opens Obstructions of Liver and Spleen.’ English herbal; Discovery of the physical vertues of all herbs in this kingdom, Anonymous (1690) (Source: EEBO).
Comment: ‘Camphere’ is a misspelling or alternate spelling of ‘samphire’. While ‘samphire’ was used for medicinal purposes in the seventeenth-century, it is now foraged for culinary use and known for its salty flavour.
[Nicholle Turner]
Occurrence: R.307
Comment: If Jane Loraine is the daughter of Thomas Loraine and Grace Fenwick, as suspected by previous editors, then Lady Mary is most likely Lady Mary Howard Fenwick (1650-1708). John Hodgson has documented how Grace Fenwick’s brother married Lady Mary Howard, the eldest daughter of the Earl of Carlisle. Lady Mary was, therefore, Jane Loraine’s aunt. As her name is used alongside a recipe, it is unknown whether she contributed to this recipe, inspired it, or approved of it. A History of Northumberland: The Topography and Local Antiquities, Arranged in Parishes, John Hodgson (Northumberland: A. Reid, sons & Company, 1858)
[Nicholle Turner]
Occurrence: R.307
Definition: ‘An astringent mineral salt, typically occurring as colourless or whitish crystals.’ (OED: ‘alum’, n.1)
Example: ‘Take Allome and Withy leaves, and boil them together in running water, and wash the wound therewith.’ The Skilful Physician, D.D (1656) (Source: EEBO).
Comment: ‘Allom’ is a misspelling or alternate spelling of ‘alum’. It was used medicinally in the seventeenth-century as an astringent and antiseptic. In the present day, it is found in skincare products and after-shave.
[Nicholle Turner]
Occurrence: R.308
Definition: ‘A seedless and flowerless plant which is characterised by its cryptogamous [ability to reproduce using spores] properties.’ (OED: ‘fern’, n.1)
Example: ‘Fern Boyled in Red wine… is singular good against the falling out of the Intestines.’ ‘Medicina pauperum. Medicaments for the poor; or, Physick for the common people’, Jean Prevost (1656) (Source: EEBO)
Comment: ‘Farne’ is used in the manuscript as a misspelling or alternate spelling of ‘fern’. It featured in medicinal texts from the period addressed to the poor, such as the example given above, so it was most likely cheap and readily accessible in seventeenth-century England.
[Nicholle Turner]
Occurrence: R.309
Definition: ‘The lungs. Now only applied to the lungs of beasts (sheep, pigs, bullocks).’ (OED: ‘lights’, n.5)
Example: ‘The lights are by nature ordained an instrument, dwelling place, and distributors of the breath.’ ‘New Artzney Buch’, Christof Wirsung (1605) (Source: EEBO).
[Nicholle Turner]
Definition: ‘To smear or rub over (medicinally or cosmetically) with oil or unguent; to oil, grease, apply ointment.’ (OED: ‘anoint’, v.1)
Example: ‘Anoint your body therewith before a good fire, and let it soake into the Skin.’ ‘Most excellent and approved medicines & remedies for most diseases and maladies incident to man's body, lately compiled and extracted out of the originals of the most famous and best experienced physicians both in England and other countries’, Alexander Read (1651) (Source: EEBO).
Comment: The spelling of this term is inconsistent in the manuscript. An author uses both its modernised spelling, ‘anoint’, as well as its alternative spelling, ‘noint’, in one leaf.
[Nicholle Turner]
Occurrence: R.310
Definition: ‘The sap obtained from the birch-tree in spring.’ (OED: ‘birch’, c.2)
Example: ‘To make use of Birch-water must tap the Tree in April.’ ‘Vermiculars destroyed with an historical account of worms’, R.C (1690) (Source: EEBO)
Comment: If ‘birch water’ is unpreserved, it will ferment and become acidic within days of being harvest. As ‘birch water’ is harvested exclusively in spring, its short shelf life meant recipes containing this ingredient were limited to production in spring or early summer. Preservation would prolong its shelf life by several weeks.
[Nicholle Turner]
Occurrence: R.310
Comment: The phrase features in at least 26 recovered documents from the seventeenth-century, yet it was typically used without a definition (EEBO). While it is sometimes used in the recovered documents as an analogy for clouded judgement, it most likely refers to a medical condition in which parts of the eye become clouded and opaque, consequently obstructing vision. The recovered documents suggest medicated waters treated ‘pearl of the eye’, therefore, it may have been something akin to a corneal leukoma or a cataract in the present day.
Example: ‘The white filme, which taketh away the sight of an Eye, a Pearle.’ ‘Description of those spirituall prerogatiues vvherewith Christ hath endowed her’, Thomas Adams (1619) (Source: EEBO).
[Nicholle Turner]
The repetition of ‘in’ is written in a different handwriting to the rest of the leaf, suggesting it was probably added at a later date. It adds no significance to the recipe, so its purpose is unknown
[Nicholle Turner]
2020-09: Beth Williams
Occurence: R.264.
Definition: ‘a solid form obtained as a residue after the distillation of oil of turpentine from crude terpentine’ (OED: ‘rosin’, n.1.a).
Example: ‘Turpentine a faire clear and moist kind of rosin, which issues out of the Larx and Turpentine tree; It is good to be put into ointments, and emplaisters, for it glewes, cleanses and heals wounds’, Glossographia or a Dictionary , Thomas Blount (1656) (Source: LEME).
Comment: ‘rosan’ possibly a misspelling or alternate spelling or ‘rosin’: ‘a kind of resin’ (OED: ‘rosin’, n.1.a) which was ‘a highly viscous, sticky, flammable, typically aromatic substance secreted by certain trees’ (OED: ‘resin’, n.1.a). This would have meant it was readily accessible at the time for its use in ointments and other remedies.
[Beth Williams]
Occurence: R.265.
Definition: The meaning of this term is unknown. No occurrences of this term from this period could be located anywhere other than this recipe book. Based on its position with other medicinal recipes and the instruction to use ale wort, it is possible that this could be scurvy. See the note on ‘ale wort’.
[Beth Williams]
Occurence: R.265.
Definition: ‘An unfermented infusion or decoction of ground malt used for medicinal purposes, especially as a cure for scurvy. Now historical’ (OED: ‘wort’, n.2).
Comment: ‘ayell wort’ possibly a misspelling or alternate spelling of ‘ale wort’ which was used in making ale.
[Beth Williams]
Occurence: R.265.
Definition: ‘a medicinal conserve or paste, consisting of a powder or other ingredient mixed with honey, preserve or syrup of some kind’ (OED: ‘electuary’, n.1).
Example: ‘Electuaries bee medicinable compositions or confections to be taken inwardly, made of choise drougs, either to purge the humors, to strengthen the principall parts, or to withstand any infirmitie for which they are made. The substance is betweene a syrrup and a conserve, but more enclining to the consistence of conserves’,Pliny's History of the World, Pliny the Elder (1601) (Source: LEME).
Comment: ‘eleiktuary’ possibly a misspelling or alternate spelling of ‘electuary’. It was a highly popular method of administering medicine inwardly, often mixed with honey to create a syrup.
[Beth Williams]
Definition:‘Aggregations of urinary crystals which can be recognized as masses by the naked eye (as distinguished from sand); (also) the disease of which these are characteristic. ‘Also popularly used to indicate pain or difficulty in passing urine with or without any deposit’(New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon 1886).’ (OED: ‘gravel’, n.4).
Example: ‘Dysuria is a difficulty of Urine, proceeding from an ill disposition of the Organs, or from an Obtruction of them by the Stone, Gravel, or Viscous Clammy Humours, accompanied with an heat of the Urine’, A Physical Dictionary, Steven Blankaart (1684) (LEME).
Comment: ‘grauill’ possibly an alternate spelling of ‘gravel’ due to the interchangeable use of u and v at this time, coupled with its many different forms of spelling. For example, ‘gravell’, ‘gravayl’, and ‘graveil’ to name a few (On the various possible spellings, see OED: ‘gravel’, n.).
[Beth Williams]
Occurence: R.266
Definition: ‘a bean-pod’(OED: ‘bean’, n., ‘bean-cod’, c.2).
Example: ‘Take Bean-cods bruise them, and apply them like a poultice over night upon the place’, A brief collection of many rare secrets many of which are approved and physical and the rest most pleasant and recreative: very necessary for all sorts of people / newly set forth and published by La Fountain, an expert operator, Edward Fountaine (1650) (Source: EEBO).
[Beth Williams]
Occurence: R.266
Comment: ‘bear’ now rare alternate spelling of ‘bere’: meaning barley (OED: ‘bere’, n.1). See the note on ‘barley’.
Example: ‘Hordeum called in greeke Crithe, in en¬ glishe Barley, in duche Gerst, in frenche Orge, it is of diuerse kyndes. The fyrste kinde is called in latin Hordeum distichum in englishe Barley. The seconde kynde is called in latin Hordeum tetrastichum, in en¬ glishe Byg Barley or beare, or byg alone. Thys kynde groweth muche in the North countrey’, The Names of Herbs in Greek, Latin, English, Dutch, and French, William Turner (1548) (Source: LEME).
[Beth Williams]
Occurence: R.266
Definition: ‘Any plant of, or formerly of, the Eurasian genus Althaea (family Malvaceae), comprising herbaceous perennial plants which include the marshmallow, A. officinalis, the hollyhock, Alcea rosea, and (more fully shrub althea) the widely cultivated hibiscus Hibiscus syriacus. Also (in form Althaea): the genus itself’ (OED: ‘althea’, n.).
Example: ‘Take of Barley-Water Maced 3 or 4 Pints, of the bitter Purging Salt 6 or 8 Drams, Syrup of Althea 3 or 4 Ounces, take this warm in an hour and halfs time, more or less, altho' the Patient does Vomit some part of it’, A treatise of the nature and use of the bitter purging salt contain'd in Epsom and such other waters by Nehemiah Grew, Nehemiah Grew (1697), p.51, (Source: EEBO).
Comment: ‘allthea’ possibly a misspelling or alternate spelling of ‘althea’. The medicinal properties of marshmallow root come from ‘the mucilage, or sap-like substance, that the plant produces’, similar to the syrup of the plant the recipe requires. This is said to help with skin irritation and digestive issues. (Marshmallow Root: Benefits, Risks and Uses, Jennifer Berry, Medical News Today, MediLexicon International, 2019).
[Beth Williams]
Occurence: R.266
Definition: ‘now rare a liquid obtained by distillation from the leaves of pennyroyal, formerly used medicinally’ (OED: ‘pennyroyal’, c.2).
Example: ‘Macerate them together, in a suffici∣ent quantity of Penniroyall water, for the space of a night, to three ounces, in the morning allow them one or two bublings, and to the liquor which you presse out’’, The compleat doctoress: or, A choice treatise of all diseases insident to women. With experimentall remedies against the same. Being safe in the composition. Pleasant in the use. Effectuall in the operation. Faithfully translated out of Latine into English for a common good, Anonymous (1656), pp.14-5, (Source: EEBO).
Comment: ‘penyryall’ an alternate spelling of ‘pennyroyal’. Other forms include ‘penyryal’, ‘pennyryall’, and ‘pennyrial’. (On the various spellings see OED: ‘pennyroyal’, n.). Recommended in the seventeenth century for gastrointestinal ailments.
[Beth Williams]
Occurence: R.267
Definition: ‘The English name of Symphytum officinale (family Boraginaceæ), a tall plant, common on margins of streams and ditches, with rough leaves, and drooping clusters of yellowish-white or reddish-purple bell-shaped flowers; formerly esteemed as a vulnerary’ (OED: ‘comfrey’, n.1.a).
Comment: ‘comfery’ and alternate spelling of ‘comfrey’ (See OED: ‘comfrey’, n. for the various forms). The herb has been cultivated for its medicinal purposes since at least 4000BC. ‘The Greeks and Romans commonly used comfrey to stop heavy bleeding, treat bronchial problems and heal wounds and broken bones. Poultices were made for external wounds and tea was consumed for internal ailments’ (Comfrey: It's History, Uses and Benefits., Paul Alfrey, Permaculture Magazine, 2020).
[Beth Williams]
Occurence: R.268
Definition: The meaning of this phrase is unknown. No occurrences of this phrase from this period could be located anywhere other than this recipe book. The phrase infers an ailment concerning the womb and coupled with its context amongst relatively self-limiting conditions it is likely to be menstruation, rather than something more chronic such as a uterine prolapse.
[Beth Williams]
Occurence: R.268
Definition: ‘A coarse weedy plant (Arctium Lappa, and kindred species) common on waste ground, bearing prickly flower-heads called burs, and large leaves like those of the dock’ (OED: ‘burdock’, n.1).
Comment: The plant was often used as a ‘diuretic, diaphoretic and blood purifying agent’, The Management of the Gout, in Diet, Exercise, and Temper; with the Virtues of Burdock Root ... First Us'd in the Year 1760; in the Author's Own Case; and since in Many Other Successful Instances. John Hill, (1771), pp.26-27.
[Beth Williams]
Occurence: R.268
Definition: ‘The plant Artemisia Absinthium, proverbial for its bitter taste. The leaves and tops are used in medicine as a tonic and vermifuge, and for making vermouth and absinthe; formerly also to protect clothes and bedding from moths and fleas, and in brewing ale. It yields a dark green oil’ (OED: ‘wormwood’, n.1.a).
Comment: ‘mormwood’ possibly a misspelling or alternate spelling of ‘wormwood’. Wormwood's medicinal properties were mainly concentrated to the stomach: ‘there is not any herb that grows that is a greater friend to the Stomach than Wormwood … This Spirit of Wormwood, expells wind very powerfully, removes any pain in the Stomach’, The Excellency and Nature of the True Spirit of Wormwood: With its Virtues and Directions, Anonymous (1675) (Source: EEBO).
[Beth Williams]
Occurence: R.268
Definition: ‘A shrub, Sarothamnus (or Cytisus) Scoparius (family Leguminosæ), bearing large handsome yellow papilionaceous flowers; abundant on sandy banks, pastures, and heaths in Britain, and diffused over Western Europe’ (OED: ‘broom’, n.1).
Comment: Broom contains the diuretic scoparin which makes it well suited to treat dropsy. A Modern Herbal: the Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folklore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs and Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses, M. Grieve, Tiger Books International, (1998), pp.126-127.
[Beth Williams]
Occurence: R.268
Definition: ‘A low tree or shrub, Sambucus nigra (family Caprifoliaceæ), called, for distinction, the Common or Black-berried Elder; bearing umbel-like corymbs of white flowers; the young branches are remarkable for their abundance of pith’ (OED: ‘elder’, n.1).
Comment: ‘dawrf ellder’ possibly a mispelling or alternate spelling of ‘dwarf elder’: a plant bearing superficial resemblance to elder (OED: ‘elder’, n.2.b). Traditional and folk use of dwarf elder recommend it for ‘painful conditions and various bone and joint disorders such as joint pain, fracture and dislocation. [Dwarf elder] is also suggested for uterine diseases, burns, gout, dental ailments, dropsy, fistula, and bite.’ (Biological Effects and Clinical Applications of Dwarf Elder (Sambucus Ebulus L): A Review, Jabbari et al., Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 22 , no. 4, (2017), p. 997.)
[Beth Williams]
2021-01: Joumana Altajli
Occurence: R.368
Definition: ‘Towards bedtime; just before going to bed.’ (OED: ‘bedward’, adv.1).
Example: ‘boyle all together, and than drinke it in the morning, at noone, and at night to bedward’, The Breuiarie of Health Vvherin Doth Folow, Andrew Boorde (1587) (Source: EEBO).
[Joumana Altajli]
Occurence: R.371
Definition: ‘The common name of Tussilago Farfara (family Compositæ), a common weed in waste or clayey ground, with large spreading cordate leaves downy beneath, and yellow flowers appearing in early spring before the leaves’ (OED: ‘coltsfoot’, n.1.a).
Example: ‘whilest hot, adde of green Coltsfoot finely beaten, as much as you see good’, A Medicinal Dispensatory, Jean d. Renou, (1657) (Source: EEBO).
[Joumana Altajli]
Occurence: R.372
Definition: ‘A sweet sticky fluid or semi-solid substance from whitish to dark brown in colour, produced by honeybees, other social bees, and certain other insects, usually derived from the nectar of flowers, and stored by the bees as a food source. Also as a count noun: a particular kind of honey’ (OED: ‘hony’, n.1.a).
Example: ‘Rootes of Spicknell bruised and taken with hony like an Electuary: especially when the rheumes oppresse the Stomach’, The Ladies Dispensatory, Containing the Natures, Vertues, and Qualities of all Herbs, and Simples Usefull in Physick, Leonard Sowerby (1651) (Source: EEBO).
[Joumana Altajli]
Occurence: R.370
Comment: ‘Syrups being but liquid Conserves, the Syrup of Maiden-Hair may be very well made of the Conserve of Maiden hair brought from Canada’, Pharmacopoeia Lemeriana Contracta Lemery's Universal Pharmacopoeia Abridg'd, Nicolas Lémery (1700) (Source: EEBO).
Example: ‘if she be not Aguish or Feaverish she may Drink a little White-wine, or Clarret, wherein Borrage and Limon-Peel have been infused, mixing with them some Syrup of Maiden-hair, or other Astringent Syrups’, Aristotle's Manual of Choice Secrets, Shewing the Whole Mystery of Generation, Anon (1699) (Source: EEBO).
[Joumana Altajli]
Occurence: R.370
Definition: ‘sulphuric oxide.’ (OED: ‘spirit of sulphur’, n.1.d).
Comment: The OED quotations under spirit of sulphur describe it to be commonly referred to as an oil rather than a spirit, specifically the oil of sulphur per campanam. It also adds that this ingredient is usually drawn from a glass-bell like vessel.
Example: ‘As for the Spirit, it is known by its pleasant acidity, by its yellowish colour: and because, being old, it yields no smell, no more than Spirit of Sulphur’, The Art of Chymistry as it is Now Practiced, P. THIBAƲT (1675) (Source: EEBO).
[Joumana Altajli]
Occurence: R.368
Definition: ‘Covered, lined, loaded, or weighted with lead.’ (OED: ‘leaded’, adj.a).
Example: ‘take thirteene ounces of beaten gaules, and put them into a new earthen pot, that is wel leaded’, A booke of secrets shewing diuers waies to make and prepare all sorts of inke, and colours, Anon (1596) (Source: EEBO).
[Joumana Altajli]
Occurence: R.372
Definition: ‘Fæniculum dulce or officinale, grown in kitchen-gardens for the sake of its leaves.’ (OED: ‘sweet fennel’, n.1.b).
Comment: ‘Sweet fennel is an annual, cultivated for its seeds in medicine’, The Book of Husbandry, John Fitzherbert (1523) (Source: OED).
Example: ‘Take of Horse-Radish Roots slit thin, and sweet Fenil-seeds bruis'd, of each 2 Ounces’, Dr. Lowers, and several Other Eminent Physicians, Receipts Containing the Best and Safest Method for Curing most Diseases in Humane Bodie, Richard Lower (1700) (Source: EEBO).
[Joumana Altajli]
Occurence: R.369
Definition: ‘Vinegar made from white wine.’ (OED: ‘white wine vinegar’, n.c.2).
Example: ‘having put in with your Fish a pint of White wine Vinegar, let it boil’, The Compleat Cook, Anon (1694) (Source: EEBO).
[Joumana Altajli]
Occurence: R.373
Definition: ‘the sugar candy obtained at the first crystallization.’ (OED: ‘brown sugar candy’, n.a.1).
Example: ‘Take a Turnip, cut a hole in the top of it, and fill it up with brown Sugar-candy, and so roast it in the embers, and eat it with Butter’, A Choice Manual, Or Rare Secrets in Physick and Chirurgery, Elizabeth Kent (1687) (Source: EEBO).
[Joumana Altajli]
Occurence: R.370
Defintion: ‘The sugar candy obtained by reboiling this and allowing it to crystallize.’ (OED: ‘white sugar candy’, n.a.1).
Example: ‘afterwards filter them, and add of white Sugar Candy as much as will make it like a Syrup’, Thesaurus and Armamentarium Medico-Chymicum, Adrian V. Mynsicht (1682) (Source: EEBO).
[Joumana Altajli]
Occurence: R.369, R.372, R.372.
Defintion: ‘A measure of capacity for liquids (also sometimes used for grain or other dry substances consisting of small particles), equal to one-eighth of a gallon.’ (OED: ‘pint’, n.2.a).
Example: ‘straine it into an earthen Pipkin: put into it half a pinte of white-Wine, and half a pinte of White-Wine Vinegar’, Murrels Tvvo Books of Cookerie and Carving, John Murrell (1641) (Source: EEBO.)
[Joumana Altajli]
Occurence: R.369
Definition: ‘The fruit of the fig tree or Ficus, esp. the fruit of the Ficus carica.’ (OED: ‘figs’, n.1.a).
Example: ‘If you meet with a Patient, whose Stomach abhors all Physick, then make purging Prunes, or Currence, or Figs, if you steep the said fruit in some of these purging Decoctions, that purge Choller, so long that the fruit swel’, Medicaments for the Poor; Or, Physick for the Common People Containing, Excellent Remedies for most Common Diseases, Incident to Mans Body, Jean Prevost (1656) p.22-23 (Source: EEBO).
[Joumana Altajli]
Occurence: R.369
Definition: ‘A small branch, shoot, or spray of a particular plant, shrub, or tree.’ (OED: ‘sprig’, n.2).
Example: ‘milk it into a sprig of Spire Mint and a sprig of Rosemary’, A Plain and Candid Account of the Natures, Uses and Quantities of some Experienced Medicines Published to the Intent the Afflicted Withsickness [Sic] may have the Benefit of them, Charles Marshall (1681) p.7 (Source: EEBO).
[Joumana Altajli]
Occurence: R.372
Comment: No entries of this term were found, however, poud is also referred to on the OED as pudding. Therefore, the poud of alicompaine could mean pudding made with the ingredient alicompaine.
[Joumana Altajli]
Occurence: R.372
Comment: No entries of this term were found, however, poud is also referred to as pudding on the OED. Therefore, the poud of licoras could mean pudding made with licoras.
[Joumana Altajli]
Occurence: R.368
Definition: ‘refined sugar.’ (OED: ‘white sugar’, n).
Example: ‘first mingle both the waters, and then the Wine, with one pound of white Sugar’, Enchiridion Medicum, John Sadler (1657) p.2 (Source: EEBO.)
[Joumana Altajli]
Occurence: R.368
Definition: ‘To remain or continue in some state or action; to continue to be.’ (OED: ‘bide’, v.2.a).
Example: ‘laie it vpon a marble stone, if it will bide vpon the ston’, Prepositas His Practise a Vvorke very Necessary to be Vsed for the Better Preseruation of the Health of Man, Anon (1588) p.20 (Source: EEBO).
[Joumana Altajli]
Occurence: R.368
Comment: Rafe originally comes frome the word raphe which is ‘a radish root or plant’ therefore rafe water could mean the water from this plant (OED: ‘raphe’, n.1).
[Joumana Altajli]
Occurence: R.370
Comment: a conserve made of roses and betony which has medicinal properties to comfort the stomach.Jane Loraine's Recipe Book, 1.5 Historical Content, Shannon Richardson-Hall and Anja-Grace Schulp (1684) (Source: https://atnu.github.io/jane-loraine/#LCD7990-n1).
Example: ‘To make conserue of Roses, Redde, or white: With the sundrie Vertues and Operationns of ech of them’, The Treasurie of Commodious Conceits, and Hidden Secrets and may be Called, the Huswiues Closet, of Healthfull Prouision Richarde Iones, Anon (1573) (Source: EEBO).
[Joumana Altajli]
Occurence: R.370
Comment: no defintions or examples of this entry were found.
[Joumana Altajli
Occurence: R.371
Definition: ‘Any of the herbaceous plants of the genus Scabiosa (N.O. Dipsaceae), formerly believed to be efficacious for the cure of certain skin-diseases.’ (OED: ‘scabious’, n.1.a).
Example: ‘Drink of the decoction of red Poppies, or a dram Poudred; with Scabius’, The Country-Mans Physician Where is Shew'd by a most Plain and Easie Manner, Anon (1680) (Source: EEBO).
[Joumana Altajli]
Occurence: R.371
Definition:‘A thick sweet liquid; esp. one consisting of a concentrated solution of sugar in water (or other medium, e.g. the juices of fruits).’ (OED: ‘syrup’, n.1).
Example: ‘seeth softly, til you perceiue that your sirop is as thicke as life honey’, The Treasurie of Commodious Conceits, and Hidden Secretes Commonlie Called the Good Huswiues Closet of Prouision, for the Health of Her Houshold. Meete and Necessarie for the Profitable Vse of all Estates, John Patridge (1591) (Source: EEBO).
[Joumana Altajli]
Occurence: R.372
Comment: ‘The most prominent name after Jane Loraine herself is Fenwick. On folio 36r the name Fenwick appears multiple times. This is unsurprising as it can be understood that these two prominent families of the Northumberland area were heavily intermarried. The 1st Baronet's wife, Grace Fenwick, lived during the text's creation’, Jane Loraine's Recipe Book, 1.3 Jane Loraine: What We Know, Christina Dixon and Amy Moore-Holmes (1684) (Source: https://atnu.github.io/jane-loraine/#LCD7990-n1).
[Joumana Altajli]
Occurence: R.373
Comment: It appears to be water extracted from the plant spearmint which is ‘the common garden mint, Mentha viridis, much used in cookery’ (OED: ‘spearmint water’, n).
Example: ‘take Spearmint-water four ounces, Syrup of Quinces two ounces, and Cinnamon-water two drams. Take of this two or three spoonfuls at a time’, The family dictionary, or, houshold [sic] companion wherein are alphabetically laid down exact rules and choice physical receipts for the preservation of health, William Salmon (1695) (Source: EEBO).
[Joumana Altajli]
Occurence: R.373
Definition: ‘A decoction of plantain’ (OED: ‘plantain water’, c.2).
Comment: ‘The water of plantayne..is very good for woundes’, Book Beste Waters Artyfycialles, R.Bacon (1550) (Source: OED).
Example: ‘Take half a pint of Plantain water, as much strong wine Vinegar, mingle them together’, Ptōchopharmakon, Seu Medicamen Miseris, Or Pauperum Pyxidicula Salutifera, Robert Pemell (1650) (Source: EEBO).
[Joumana Altajli]
Ocuurence: R.372
Definition: ‘the popular name of the globose fruit, which contains two carpels’ (OED: ‘coriander-seed’, c.2).
Example: ‘a Powder must be given made of Aromaticum Rosatum and Coriander Seeds, give of each half a Dram’, A Plain and Short Treatise of an Apoplexy, Convulsions, Colick, Twisting of the Guts, Mother Fits, Bleeding at Nose ... and several Other Violent and Dangerous Diseases, John Pechey p.20 (1698) (Source: EEBO).
[Joumana Altajli]
2021-02: Georgia Bamford
OccurenceR.411
Definition:‘common columbine, the inverted flower of which has some resemblance to five pigeons clustered together’(OED:‘columbine’, n.2).
[Georgia Bamford]
OccurenceR.411
Definition:‘A shrub (Berberis vulgaris) found native in Europe and North America, with spiny shoots, and pendulous racemes of small yellow flowers, succeeded by oblong, red, sharply acid berries; the bark yields a bright yellow dye.’(OED:‘barberry’, n).
Comment: Ingredient being the yellow bark of a barberry plant.
[Georgia Bamford]
OccurenceR.411
Definition:‘Illness attributed to excessive eating or drinking (or, occasionally, to extremes of temperature or some other environmental factor)’(OED:‘peck’, n.1.2)
Example:‘for every Peck of Wheat, Mastling or Rye’, Proposal to the honourable House of Commons, J. Goodwin (1696) (Source: EEBO)
[Georgia Bamford]
OccurenceR.412
Definition:‘Illness attributed to excessive eating or drinking (or, occasionally, to extremes of temperature or some other environmental factor)’(OED:‘surfeit’, n.4)
Example:‘they would vomit and prevent a Surfeit’, An abstract of sea chirurgary, J. Moyle (1686) (Source: EEBO).
[Georgia Bamford]
OccurenceR.412
Definition:‘A low tree or shrub, Sambucus nigra (family Caprifoliaceæ), called, for distinction, the Common or Black-berried Elder; bearing umbel-like corymbs of white flowers; the young branches are remarkable for their abundance of pith.’(OED:‘elder’,n.1)
[Georgia Bamford
OccurenceR.412
Definition:‘A genus of ferns, having the back of the fronds thickly covered with scales among which the sori are hidden. ’(OED:‘ceterach’,n.)
Comment: written as setrick in manuscript, an old spelling of this type of plant.
[Georgia Bamford
2021-03: Maartje Bergers
Occurence: R.385.
Definition: ‘A plant native to the Mediterranean region, … the typical form much grown for its curled, divided, aromatic leaves, used to flavour and garnish food’ (OED: ‘parsley’, n.1.a.). Used medicinally to treat ‘bladder infections..., kidney stones..., gastrointestinal disorders’ (WebMD: ‘parsley’)
Example: ‘Put three or at the most four drops of juniper oil into one quarter of a pint of parsley water’, Receipt book in two parts containing mainly medical and some culinary receipts, Margaret Baker. (1650) (Source: Perdita Manuscripts).
[Maartje Bergers]
Occurence: R.386.
Definition: ‘Any of several kinds of celery of parsley; … formerly used medicinally and to flavour food’ (OED: ‘smallage’, n.).
Example: ‘Take smallage, rue, fennel, vervain, agrimony, betony’, Receipt book in two parts containing mainly medical and some culinary receipts, Margaret Baker. (1650) (Source: Perdita Manuscripts).
[Maartje Bergers]
Occurence: R.389.
Definition: Stopping is ‘to close up, choke, obstruct (a canal, duct, passage or pipe in the animal body)’ (OED: ‘stopping’, v.9.a.). Water is a historical name for urine (OED: ‘water’, n.17.). As a phrase it refers to the medical condition of urinary retention.
[Maartje Bergers]
Occurence: R.389.
Definition: ‘To put out, extinguish, douse (a fire or flame) (literal and figurative)’ (OED: ‘quench’, v.1.b.).
Example: ‘Quench in your beer one gadd of red hot steel before you drink it’, Receipt book in two parts containing mainly medical and some culinary receipts, Margaret Baker. (1650) (Source: Perdita Manuscripts).
[Maartje Bergers]
2021-04: Alicia Bryan
Occurence:R.363
Definition: ‘A solution, usually in a menstruum of alcohol, of some principle used in medicine, chiefly vegetable, as tincture of opium (laudanum), but sometimes animal, as tincture of cantharides, or mineral, as tincture of ferric chloride’ (OED:‘Tincture’, n.7b)
[Alicia Bryan]
Occurence:R.363, R.364, R.365, R.366, R.367.
Definition: ‘Originally: abnormality or loss of humours, resulting in wasting (extreme weight loss) of the body; such wasting;(obsolete). Later: disease that causes wasting of the body, spec. tuberculosis. Now chiefly historical.’ (OED: ‘Consumption’, n.2a)
Comment: It refers to the disease commonly known now as tuberculosis.
[Alicia Bryan]
Occurence:R.364
Definition: ‘A type, a kind. A distinct type or kind (of person, thing, etc.)’ (OED: ‘Manner’, n.1)
[Alicia Bryan]
Occurence:R.364
Definition: ‘A cooking utensil formed of parallel bars of iron or other metal in a frame, usually supported on short legs, and used for broiling flesh or fish over a fire. Also formerly: a girdle or griddle.’ (OED: ‘Gridiron’, n.1)
[Alicia Bryan]
Occurence:R.366
Definition: ‘The English name of various plants’ (OED: ‘Lungwort’, n)
Comment: There are many different definitions for “Lungwort” in the OED, all of which apply to different plant species.
[Alicia Bryan]
Occurence:R.366
Definition: ‘The common name of the fern Scolopendrium vulgare; also extended to other species of the genus; rarely applied to some other polypodiaceous ferns, as Olfersia cervina and Polypodium Singaporianum.’ (OED: ‘Hart's-tonuge’, n)
[Alicia Bryan]
2021-05: Rachel Burton
Occurrence:R.413
Definition:‘An infectious disease characterised by high fever, headache, backache and a rash which affects the face. Consists of pustules which heal with scarring.’ (OED:‘Smallpox’, n. 1)
[Rachel Burton]
Occurence:R.413
Definition:‘To draw off from a larger body for some special duty or purpose’ (OED:‘draught’ n. 4)
[Rachel Burton]
Occurence: R.413
Definition:‘Plural used to indicate: great numbers, 'swarms'’ (OED:‘flock’, n.1b)
[Rachel Burton]
Occurence: R.413
Comment: misspelling of horse- house which is ‘A horse stable’ (OED: ‘horse- house’, n.1)
[Rachel Burton]
Occurence: R.413
Definition: ‘General attributive as, ale cup, ale pot, ale tub’ (OED: ‘Ale’, c.1)
Comment: Ale can be used to refer to an ale pot or cup rather than just the liquid itself
[Rachel Burton
Occurence: R.414
Definition:‘Grinding or pounding: Coarsley as opposed to finely’ (OED: ‘grossly’, n.4)
Example: ‘some ought to be beaten finely or grosly’, A short discourse of the three kindes of peppers in common vse and certaine special medicines made of the same, thending to preseruation of health, B. Walter (1588) (Source: EEBO).
[Rachel Burton]
Occurence: R.414
Definition: ‘An orange- red product consiting of the dried stigmas of Crocus sativas. Now used chiefly for the colouring of confectionery, liqours, etc. and for flavouring; formerlu extensivey used in medicine as a cordial and sudprific’ (OED: ‘saffron’, n.1a)
Comment: English saffron is a type of saffron grown in England
[Rache Burton]
Occurence: R.414
Definition: ‘An appatatus for distillation, consisting essentially of a close vessel (alembicm retort, boiler) in which the substance to be distilled is subjected to the action of heat and of arrangements for the condensation of vapour produced’ (OED: ‘still’, n.1a)
Example:‘Put them to a common cold Still, and let them distill gently’, The art of distillation or, a treatise of the choicest spagiricall preparations performed by way of distillation, J. French (1653) (Source: EEBO)
[Rachel Burton]
Occurence: R.414
Definition: ‘The common name of Primula Veris, a well known wild plant in pastures and grassy banks, blooming in spring with dropping umbels of fragrant yellow flowers. Also known as paigle’ (OED: ‘cowslip’, n.1a)
[Rachel Burton]
Occurence: R.414
Definition: ‘Any of serveral plants of the genus Dianthus which have flowers with a spicy, sweet scent similar to that of cloves and are frequently cultivated as ornamentals. Historically known as clove gillyflower’ (OED: ‘gillyflower’, n.2)
[Rachel Burton]>
Occurence: R.413
Defintion: ‘To force (people or animals) to move on before one, or flee away from one, by blows or intimidation; to urge or impel with violence.’ (OED: ‘drive’, n. 1a)
Example: ‘people are driven forward in such wayes by the force of Temporal Laws’, A general summons from the authority of truth, onto all eccelsiastical courts and officers wherein they may see what truth objecteth against their practice and proceedings in cases of conscience W. Smith (1673) (Source: EEBO)
[Rachel Burton]
2021-06: Martin Cessford
Occurence: R.374
Definition: ‘A leguminous plant (Trigonella Fœnum Græcum) cultivated for its seeds, which are used by farriers’ (Source: OED, ‘Fenugreek’, n.1)
Example: ‘The Mucilages of the Seeds of Fleabean, Quinces, and Fenugreek Seeds extracted with Rose-water, do greatly ease Pain’ The store-house of physical practice John Pechey (1695), p.53 (Source: EEBO)
[Martin Cessford]
Occurence: R.374
Definition: ‘The seed of flax, well known as the source of linseed-oil, and as a medicament’ (Source: OED, ‘Linseed’, n.1)
Example: ‘Take French Barly, mallowes, Marsh mallowes, Pellitory, March Violets, Mercury, Camomill flowers and Mellilote flowers of each a handfull; Fenugreeke and Linseeds of each two ounces bruised; cut the said hearbs and flowers with a knife’, The charitable physitian with the charitable apothecary. P. Guybert (1633), p.19 (Source: EEBO)
[Martin Cessford]
Occurence: R.374
Definition: ‘Medicine’ (Source: OED, ‘Dyspathy’, n.1)
[Martin Cessford]
Occurence: R.375
Definition: ‘A shrubby plant of brackish ditches, Althaea officinalis, of the family Malvaceae, native to Eurasia and North Africa, which has ovate leaves, pale pink flowers, and a mucilaginous root’ (Source: OED, ‘marshmallow’, n.1)
Example: ‘When any one is seized with a Fitt of the Stone, setting aside all other remedies, let him presently drink a Gallon of Posset drink wherein two ounces of the Roots of marsh Mallows have been boyled, and let the following Glister be injected’, A plain and short treatise of an apoplexy, J. Pechey (1698), p.14 (Source: EEBO)
[Martin Cessford]
Occurence: R.375
Definition: ‘Formerly: a kind of sweet apple, typically late-ripening, fine-flavoured, and having good keeping qualities. Now (frequently with distinguishing word): any of numerous fine-flavoured varieties of dessert apple.’ (Source: OED, ‘pippin’, n.3)
Example: ‘Take of the filings of Iron one ounce, put it into a glass with the juice of Oranges two ounces; let it stand for a day, shaking it sometimes, then pour to it of the Water of Pipins, and of White Wine, each one pint; or of the more thin and sweet Cyder one quart: take of it three ounces, twice in a day, after the same manner’, Two discourses concerning the soul of brutes, Thomas Willis (1683), p.197 (Source: EEBO)
[Martin Cessford]
Occurence: R.375
Definition: ‘To cover or smear with a liquor; esp. to lubricate with grease or oil. Obsolete except as nonce-use in to liquor over.’ (Source: OED, ‘liquor’, v.1)
Comment: I would infer that ‘liquor’ is being used as a verb to describe greasing the marshmallow roots.
[Martin Cessford]
Occurence: R.375
Definition: ‘The seed of the anise, used as a carminative, and in the preparation of Oil of Anise, Spirit of Anise, Anise water, and Anisette’ (Source: OED, ‘aniseed’, n.1)
Example: ‘but then I must distinguish of Aqua vitae, and spirit of Wine, for there is a common Aqua vitae, and spirit of Wine, of which also they make Aniseed water by putting a few Aniseeds thereunto, and other such like waters, as Clove, Angelica, Lemmon’, The Art of Distillation, John French (1653), p.114 (Source: EEBO)
[Martin Cessford]
Occurence: R.375
Definition: ‘To weigh two things, considerations, etc., against each other, so as to ascertain which preponderates.’ (Source: OED, ‘balanced’, n.2)
Comment: The word 'balanced' here would be to propose each almond is of a similar, balanced size.
[Martin Cessford]
Occurence: R.375
Definition: ‘A liquid; matter in a liquid state; occasionally in wider sense, a fluid.’ (Source: OED, ‘liquor’, n.1)
Comment: I would suggest that 'licor' is being used as a noun to describe a clear liquid form.
[Martin Cessford]
Occurence: R.376
Definition: ‘Formerly the common vernacular name for sulphur n. and adj.’ (Source: OED, ‘brimstone’, n.1)
[Martin Cessford]
Occurence: R.376
Definition: ‘To mix (substances or ingredients together, or one thing with another) so that they become physically united or form a new combination; to combine in a mixture, to blend.’ (Source: OED, ‘mingle’, n.1)
Example: ‘Take of the Water of Parsly, Straw-berries, the best Wine, of each two pound; tart Maligo one pound: first mingle both the waters, and then the Wine, with one pound of white Sugar’, Enchiridion medicum: an enchiridion of the art of physick, John Sadler (1657), p.2 (Source: EEBO)
[Martin Cessford]
Occurence: R.377
Definition: ‘A perennial composite plant, Horse-heal ( Inula Helenium), with very large yellow radiate flowers and bitter aromatic leaves and root; formerly used as a tonic and stimulant’ (Source: OED, ‘elecampane’, n.1)
[Martin Cessford]
Occurence: R.377
Definition: ‘An aromatic gum or resin which exudes from the bark of the lentisk or mastic tree, Pistacia lentiscus (sense 2), used chiefly in making varnishes and, formerly, in medicine (also mastic gum). Also with distinguishing word: any of various similar resins derived from other trees’ (Source: OED, ‘mastic’, n.1)
[Martin Cessford]
Occurence: R.377
Comment: The meaning of this term is unknown. To my knowledge, it does not appear in any other historical documents from the period.
[Martin Cessford]
Occurence: R.377
Definition: ‘In early use: a confectionary or medicinal preparation made from some part of a plant (as the flowers, leaves, roots, or fruit) preserved with sugar; (later) fruit preserved with sugar; (now esp.) jam, marmalade, or the like, typically retaining pieces of fruit (often with distinguishing word specifying the fruit).’ (Source: OED, ‘conserve’, n.2)
[Martin Cessford]
Occurence: R.378
Comment: The meaning of this term is unknown. To my knowledge, it does not appear in any other historical documents from the period.
[Martin Cessford]
Occurence: R.378
Definition: ‘To scatter, spread loosely; to scatter (rushes, straw, flowers, etc.) on the ground or floor, or over the surface of something; to sprinkle (something granulated or in powder) over a surface.’ (Source: OED, ‘Strew’, v.1)
[Martin Cessford]
Occurence: R.379
Definition: ‘Either of two types of fern, not clearly distinguished in early use, with delicate fronds and hairlike stalks: (a) Adiantum capillus-veneris, a fern (often cultivated) with delicate, pale green, fan-shaped pinnules, which occurs in shady humid habitats in subtropical and warm temperate parts of the world and was formerly much used in medicine’ (Source: OED, ‘Maidenhair’, n.1)
Example: ‘Take of Amoniacum two dragmes, Bdellium, Opoponax, of each one dragme; the Flowers of Melilot, Camomile, Germander, Maiden-hair, the Bark of the roots of Tamariske, and Capers, the Seeds of Plantain, Lin, and Fenugreek, of each two’, Enchiridion medicum, John Sadler (1657), p.17 (Source: EEBO)
[Martin Cessford]
Occurence: R.379
Definition: ‘A cordial or liqueur originally made with the juice of the sundew plant, later from spiced and flavoured spirits’ (Source: OED, ‘rosa solis’, n.1)
[Martin Cessford]
Occurence: R.379
Definition: ‘A unit of weight and mass originally derived from the ancient Roman libra, varying at different periods, in different countries, and for different commodities’ (Source: OED, ‘pound’, n.1)
[Martin Cessford]
Occurence: R.380
Definition: ‘Said of the obstruction: To block, choke up. Also in passive, to be choked up with (dirt, etc.). Now chiefly with up’ (Source: OED, ‘stop’, v.e)
[Martin Cessford]
2021-07: Quinn Clark
Occurrence: R.384
Definition: ‘A fatty substance, which in a purified state has the form of a soft white scaly mass, found in the head (and to some extent in other parts) of the sperm-whale (Physeter macrocephalus) and some other whales and dolphins; it is largely used in various medicinal preparations, and in the manufacture of candles.’ (OED: ‘spermacety’, n., 1a).
[Quinn Clark]
Occurrence: R.384
Definition: ‘Any of various showy herbaceous or shrubby plants of the genus Paeonia (family Paeoniaceae, formerly included in Ranunculaceae), with large globular flowers that are chiefly crimson, pink, or white (often double in cultivation), which are now much grown as ornamental garden plants but were formerly valued chiefly for the supposed medicinal properties of the root, flowers, and seeds. Also: a flower or flowering stem of this plant.’ (OED: ‘peony’, n.,1a).
[Quinn Clark]
Occurrence: R.385
Definition: ‘The drop-wort (Spiræa filipendula).’ (OED: ‘philipendila’, n., 1.a).
[Quinn Clark]
Occurrence: R.385
Definition: ‘Mud, dregs, sediment, literal and figurative. (In the Peak of Derbyshire still used, as is the Swedish word, for 'coffee-grounds.'’ (OED: ‘grummel’, adj., 1.a).
[Quinn Clark]
Occurrence: R.385
Definition: ‘Soaked in sunlight.’
Comment: There is no official definition or source for this phrase; this definition is based on my own judgement. Possibly a reference to 'sun-kissed'.
[Quinn Clark]
Occurrence: R.385
Definition: ‘More fully muscadine wine. Wine made from muscat or similar grapes.’ (OED: ‘muscadine’, adj., 1.a).
[Quinn Clark]
Occurrence: R.385
Definition: ‘A colourless or yellowish alcoholic spirit distilled from potatoes or other starch-containing plants; the 'schnapps of Scandinavia.’ (OED: ‘aquavit’, n., 1.a).
[Quinn Clark]
2021-08: Alice Craven
These numbers are known as folio numbers, from the Latin word folium, meaning “leaf”. They refer to the arrangement of sheets in the manuscript. The number 70 represents the 70th sheet (or leaf) in the original foliation. The number 58 is an updated count of the sheets in the bound manuscript. This may indicate that approximately 12 sheets have been lost from the original at some point.
Occurrence: R.415
Definition: ‘A southern European shrub, […] with distinctively fragrant, finely divided leaves and [clusters] of yellowish flowers.’ (OED: ‘southernwood’, n.1).
Comment: This plant was previously cultivated for medicinal purposes, often used as an antiseptic, lotion, stimulant or tonic. The southernwood herb has also been used to treat coughs, tumours and cancers. It is now more commonly grown for decorative use. (Source: Growing Southernwood: Care and Uses for Southernwood Herb Plant [last accessed 18 April 2022] )
[Alice Craven]
Occurrence: R.415
Definition: An alternative name for ‘finger fern’. (Source: Rider, Joshn. Bibliotheca Scholastica. 1589. LEME).
Comment: Also known as ‘maidenhair fern’, it is defined as ‘two types of fern, not clearly distinguished in early use, with delicate fronds and hairlike stalks […].’ It has been known to have many medicinal properties, including clearing congestion, as well as use in lotions and tonics. (OED: ‘maidenhair’, n.)
[Alice Craven]
Occurrence: R.415
Definition: Ribwort, also referred to as ‘ribwort plantain’, is a herb species characterised by dark green ribbed leaves. It has small flowers grouped in a spike at the end of a long stem; these gradually turn brown and seed. (Source: Ribwort Plantain [last accessed 18 April 2022] )
Comment: Ribwort traditionally has both culinary and medicinal purposes. More specifically, it is a safe and effective treatment for bleeding, as it quickly restricts blood flow and encourages the repair of damaged tissues. It is also known for its antibacterial properties and can be infused into a tea or oil to treat various ailments, including application to bruises, cuts and scratches. (Source: Ribwort Plantain [...] Identification [last accessed 18 April 2022] )
[Alice Craven]
Occurrence: R.415
Definition: ‘A thorny shrub or small tree […]. It bears white, and, in some varieties, red or pink blossom (called ‘may’); its fruit, the haw, is a small round dark berry.’ (OED: ‘hawthorn’, n.1)
Comment: There are various medicinal and edible benefits from hawthorn berries, flowers and leaves. These plants have been referred to as the “super medicinal foods” of Britain. Traditionally, they have been used in herbal medicines to treat the heart, including balancing blood pressure. (Source: The Many Benefits of Hawthorn [last accessed 18 April 2022] )
[Alice Craven]
It should be noted that the letters j and i are often used interchangeably throughout the manuscript. In this instance, the ‘j’ has been used to indicate the roman numeral I, representing the number 1.
Occurrence: R.415
Definition: ‘A rough prickly shrub; spec. the black-berry bush […].’ (OED: ‘bramble’, n.1).
Comment: The bramble stem is tough and thorny, it produces flowers of varying size and colour, which are similar to rose buds. Edible fruits are also produced, ranging from red, deep-purple and black in colour. In folk medicine, this plant is known for its antiseptic properties. It has been used in several remedies, including treating coughs, cuts or wounds, ulcers, fevers and itching. (Source: Blackberry - A Foraging Guide to its Food, Medicine and Other Uses [last accessed 18 April 2022] )
[Alice Craven]
Occurrence: R.415
Definition: From the Old English verb ‘téon’ and Middle English ‘teon’ meaning ‘to draw, pull, drag or tug.’. (OED: ‘tee’, v.1a).
[Alice Craven]
Whilst the following words in the manuscript are legible, their modern meaning remains unclear. Therefore, no definition can be provided at this time. These include: Sinicle, Aranes, Sinke foile, Impastim, Purified bones and Eyremon.
It should be noted that there are a small number of spelling variations found in the semi-diplomatic transcription where an identical modern spelling, in the OED or across other linguistic sources, has not been found. The equivalent modern spelling has therefore been inferred. These include: ‘infinitly reuies’ for ‘infinitely revives’ and ‘sturring’ for ‘stirring’
2021-09: Imogen Davies
Occurence: R.395
Definition: ‘Urine containing blood; the presence of blood in the urine, or the condition characterized by this’ (OED: ‘bloody water’, n.)
Example: ‘The decoction of the herb made with wine, and drank, is good against the biting and stinging of serpents, and helps them that make foul, troubled or bloody water.’Culpeper's English Physician; and Complete Herbal, Nicholas Culpeper. (1805), p.54.
[Imogen Davies]
Occurence: R.395
Definition: ‘The plant Polygonum aviculare, a common weed in waste ground, with numerous intricately-branched creeping stems, and small pale pink flowers.’ (OED: ‘knot-grass’, n.,1).
Example: ‘Knot-grass, Polygonum an herb (with long and narrow leaves) lying on the ground, good against the Stone, fluxes and inflammations.’ An English Dictionary, Elisha Coles. (1677), p.161 (Source: LEME).
[Imogen Davies]
Occurence: R.395
Definition: ‘Any plant of the genus Hypericum, the flowers and foliage of which are used in herbal medicines, originally for a wide variety of purposes including the treatment of wounds and of pulmonary, urinary, and nervous diseases.’ (OED: ‘St John's-wort’ , n.).
Example: ‘There are thirty species of this plant, of which the four first sorts grow wild, and the rest are exoticks. The first sort, called common Saint John's wort, is used in medicine.’A Dictionary of the English Language, Samuel Johnson. (1755) (Source: LEME).
[Imogen Davies]
Occurence: R.395
Definition: ‘A shrubby plant of brackish ditches, ‘Althaea officinalis’, of the family Malvaceae, native to Eurasia and North Africa, which has ovate leaves, pale pink flowers, and a mucilaginous root.’ (OED: ‘marshmallow’, n.,1.a).
Example: ‘Mallows, or marsh-mallows are propagated only by Seeds, which are like one another in shape, but yet are different as well in colour as in bigness; for the Seed of the Mallows is much bigger than that of the Marsh-Mallows.’ The Complete Gardener, Jean de La Quintinie (1693), p.144 (Source: LEME).
Comment: See the note on ‘Althea’
[Imogen Davies]
Occurence: R.396
Definition: ‘The ‘key’ or samaroid seed of the ash, sycamore, and other trees.’ (OED: ‘chat’, n.3, 1.c).
[Imogen Davies]
Occurence: R.397
Definition: ‘A disease of the urinary organs characterized by slow and painful emission of urine; also the condition of slow and painful urination.’ (OED: ‘strangury’, n.,1).
Example: ‘And as sone as there cometh any drope of vryne it smarteth and brenneth in suche maner that it must nedys yssue / & this dyseas is named strangury / or strangulyon.’ The Great Herbal, Anon. (1526) (Source: LEME).
[Imogen Davies]
Occurence: R.397
Definition: ‘A moist, usually heated mass of a substance with a soft, pasty consistency, applied to the skin, usually by means of a bandage or dressing, in order to promote healing, reduce swelling, relieve pain, etc.’ (OED: ‘poultice’, n.).
[Imogen Davies]
Occurence: R.398
Comment: Typically refers to the practice of bloodletting or phlebotomy.
Example: ‘Phlebotomia (which is worde for worde out of the Greeke, the cutting of a veine:) is an artificiall eduction of bloud, either abounding iu quantitie, or offending in qualitie, by opening of a veine.’ The English Phlebotomy OR Methode and way of healing, by letting of bloud, Nicholas Gyer (1592), p.25 (Source: EEBO).
[Imogen Davies]
Occurence: R.398
Comment: ‘rume’, an alternate or regional spelling of ‘rheum’.
Definition: ‘Watery or mucous secretions, esp. as collecting in or dripping from the eyes, nose, or mouth, originally believed to originate in the brain or head and to be capable of causing disease.’ (OED: ‘rheum’, n.1, 1.a).
Example: ‘Rheum, is a Defluxion of Humor from the Head upon the parts beneath, as upon the Eyes, or Nose.’ A Physical Dictionary, Steven Blankaart, (1684) (Source: LEME).
[Imogen Davies]
Occurence: R.398
Definition: ‘More fully prunella salt, prunella stone or, Latin, ‘Sal prunellæ’. A preparation made by fusing potassium nitrate (with sulphur), originally used medicinally in the treatment of diseases of the throat, and later for curing meat and other purposes.’ (OED: ‘prunella’, n.2).
Comment: ‘preunnelly’, possibly a misspelling or alternate spelling of ‘prunellæ’.
[Imogen Davies]
Occurence: R.398
Definition: ‘Various oleoresins which exude from coniferous trees, consisting of more or less viscid solutions of resin in a volatile oil with qualification, indicating different varieties’ (OED: ‘turpentine’, n.,1).
Example: ‘a lofty tree, bearing leaves like those of a pine tree, and a sort of mushroom or fruit called Agarick. The gum of this tree is called Venice Turpentine. ’Universal Etymological English Dictionary, Nathan Bailey (1737), p.448 (Source: LEME).
[Imogen Davies]
Occurence: R.399
Definition: A disease, malady (OED: ‘evil’, n., 7a.).
Comment: ‘Evill’, a shortened form of the ‘Kings Evill’ or scrofula. See note on ‘king’s evil’.
[Imogen Davies]
Occurence: R.399
Definition: ‘A thick resinous composition used by shoemakers for rubbing their thread. The term ‘cobblers wax’ can also be used.’ (OED: ‘wax’, n.1, 8).
[Imogen Davies]
2021-10: Abi Dickson
OccurrenceR.350
Definition: ‘A shrub of tropical South America, Piper angustifolium (family Piperaceae), valued for its medicinal properties.’ (OED: ‘matico’n.)
[Abigail Dickson]
OccurrenceR.350
Definition: ‘A small-leaved, creeping mint, Mentha pulegium, native to damp heaths and similar places in Europe and western Asia; (also) the fresh or dried leaves of this plant, formerly used medicinally and in cooking. ’ (OED: ‘peniriell’n.)
[Abigail Dickson]
OccurrenceR.351
Definition: ‘The rhizome (also called liquorice-root) of the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra. Also, a preparation (used medicinally and as a sweetmeat) made from the evaporated juice of this rhizome, and commonly sold in black cylindrical sticks; also called extract of liquorice, stick or Spanish liquorice, Spanish juice. Italian liquorice: a similar product obtained from Glycyrrhiza echinata. ’(OED: ‘licoras’n.)
Example: ‘‘Carry him this sticke of Licoras, tell him his Mistresse sent it him, and bid him bite a peece, 'twill open his pipes the better, say.’’ F. Beaumont Knight of Burning Pestle (1613) (Source: OED)
[Abigail Dickson]
OccurrenceR.352
Definition: ‘A whitish gum, partially soluble in water, obtained from several shrubs of the genus Astragulus, used as a binding agent, and formerly medicinally.’ (OED: ‘gumdragon’n.)
[Abigail Dickson]
OccurrenceR.352
Definition: ‘A weight, originally the ancient Greek drachma n.; hence, in Apothecaries' weight, a weight of 60 grains = 1/ 8 of an ounce; in Avoirdupois weight, of 271/ 3 grains = 1/ 16 of an ounce; = drachm OR (a) A fluid dram (= 1/ 8 fluid ounce) of medicine, etc.; hence (b) A small draught of cordial, stimulant, or spirituous liquor.’ (OED: ‘dram’n.)
[Abigail Dickson]
OccurrenceR.352
Definition: ‘Originally (more fully common mallow, wild mallow, or field mallow): a common European plant of waysides and waste places, Malva sylvestris, with showy, deeply notched, rose-purple flowers, widespread in Britain.’ (OED:‘mallows’n.)
[Abigail Dickson]
OccurrenceR.352
Definition: ‘A low-growing succulent plant, Portulaca oleracea (family Portulacaceae), with small yellow flowers in the axils of its fleshy leaves, which is widely grown (chiefly in warmer regions) as a salad vegetable or herb and is also widespread as a weed (also common purslane, garden purslane).’ (OED: ‘purslin’n.)
[Abigail Dickson]
Occurrence R.352
Definition: ‘Muskmelon, also called nutmeg melon, any of several varieties of netted-rind melons in the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae), noted for their musky-scented sweet juicy orange flesh.’ (Britannica:‘musmelon’n.)
[Abigail Dickson]
Occurrence R.352
Definition: ‘A piece or stick of boiled sugar resembling barley sugar, formerly used esp. as a remedy for colds, or in treating other medical conditions. Usually in plural.’ (OED: ‘penidees’n.)
[Abigail Dickson]
Occurrence R.352
Definition: ‘A small bushy aromatic herb of the genus Hyssopus (N.O. Labiatæ); spec. the common cultivated species H. officinalis, a native of Southern Europe, formerly much used medicinally, esp. in decoctions.’ (OED: ‘isop’n.)
[Abigail Dickson]
Occurrence R.353
Definition: ‘Any of several hairy herbaceous plants of the family Boraginaceae, typically with blue flowers.’ (OED: ‘buglas’n.)
[Abigail Dickson]
Occurrence R.353
Definition: ‘Hindquarters or legs of an animal.’(OED: ‘manus’n.)
[Abigail Dickson]
Occurrence R.354
Definition: ‘Any of several plants of the family Asteraceae ( Compositae): †(a) the common or pot marigold, Calendula officinalis, which has orange flowers (obsolete); (b) the corn marigold, Glebionis segetum, which has yellow flowers and can be a troublesome weed of cereal crops, esp. on acidic soils; †(c) the ox-eye daisy, Leucanthemum vulgare, which has flowers with white ray florets and yellow disc florets.’ (OED: ‘goold’n.)
[Abigail Dickson]
Occurrence R.354
Definition: ‘A name originally given (like French vin clairet) to wines of yellowish or light red colour, as distinguished alike from ‘red wine’ and ‘white wine’; the contrast with the former ceased about 1600, and it was apparently then used for red wines generally, in which sense it is still, or was recently, dialect (cf. also 3). Now applied to the red wines imported from Bordeaux, generally mixed with Benicarlo or some full-bodied French wine.’ (OED: ‘clarit’n.)
[Abigail Dickson]
Occurrence R.353
Definition: ‘Any of several plants of the genus Dianthus which have flowers with a spicy, sweet scent similar to that of cloves and are frequently cultivated as ornamentals, esp. the clove pink, D. caryophyllus. Occasionally with distinguishing word.’(OED: ‘jelliflowers’n.)
[Abigail Dickson]
2021-11: Dexter Doak
Occurence: R.323
Comment: Archaic form of "forehead cloth"; an article of clothing intended to prevent or treat injury to the forehead caused by conditions such as sunburn.
Example: ‘[...] A kind of hat-skreen or shelter, which children use to wear on their heads to keep them from tanning; a forehead-cloth, or covering for the forehead. ’A New Universal Etymological English Dictionary, Joseph Nicol Scott (1755) (Source:LEME).
Example: ‘[...] And put in forred cloth or biggen, applied vnto the temples [...]’. The Goerment of Health, William Bullein (1595) (Source:EEBO).
[Dexter Doak]
Occurrence: R.323 R.301 R.300 R.290 R.289
Definition: ‘A fatty substance, which in a purified state has the form of a soft white scaly mass, found in the head (and to some extent in other parts) of the sperm-whale (Physeter macrocephalus) and some other whales and dolphins; it is used largely in various medicinal preparations and in the manufacture of candles.’ (OED:‘Spermaceti’, n.1).
Example: ‘The floure of the Sea, Spermaceti, or whitish Amber, seede of Whales’ Queen Anna's New World of Words, John Florio (1611)(Source:LEME).
Example: ‘The seed of the whale, excellent for inward bruises, and to be bought at the Pothecaries.’ Cheap and Good Husbandry, Gervase Markham (1614) (Source:LEME).
[Dexter Doak]
Occurence: R.323 R.325
Definition: ‘The winged seed of the horseradish tree (Moringa pterygosperma); also called the ben nut.’ (OED:‘Ben’,n.3a).
[Dexter Doak]
Occurence: R.323 R.325
Definition: ‘Oil obtained from the ben-nut.’ (OED:‘Ben’, n.3b).
Example:‘The oil of the Ben Nut being impregnated with the odor or spirit; especially of these yellow Flowers, and so being mixed with Pomatum, is that which is commonly called Jasemin Buttyr.’ Musaeum regalis societatis, Nehemiah Grew (1685)(Source:EEBO).
[Dexter Doak]
Occurence: R.324
Definition: ‘An astringent earth brought from Armenia, and formerly used as an antidote and styptic’ (OED:‘Bole’, n.2).
Example: ‘Bole Armonack made into fine pouder, dissolue it in the sower fleame of Alum, then seperate the fleame[...] ’A Hundered and Fourtene Experiments and Cures of the Famous Physitian Phillippus Aureolus Theophrastus Paracelsus; Translated out of the Germane Tongue into the Latin, Paracelsus, John Hester (1593) (Source:EEBO).
[Dexter Doak]
Definition: ‘An astringent mineral salt, typically occurring as colourless or whitish crystals, that is used as a mordant for dyeing, in tanning, for sizing paper and fireproofing materials, in water purification, and in medicine (esp. as a styptic).’ (OED:‘Alum’, n.1a).
Example: ‘Take one Pomegranate sliced, Litharge of Gold, two drams; red Lead, a dram, burnt Alom [...]’ Thesaurus Chirurgiae, Paul Barbette (1687)(Source:EEBO)
Comment: Alum was extracted by burning alum-shale; hence recipe the "burnt alom" of recipe 324.
[Dexter Doak]
Occurence: R.324
Definition: ‘Originally: the self-heal Prunella vulgaris. In later use: any self-heal; (in form Prunella) the genus comprising the self-heals (family Lamiaceae ( Labiatae).’ (OED: ‘Prunella’, n.1).
Example: ‘Among compound medicines this doth helpe wonderfully. The distilled waters of roses, plantaine, sorrell, prunella, solana [...]’ The Methode of Phisicke Conteyning the Causes, Signes, and Cures of Invvard Diseases in Mans Body from the Head to the Foote, Philip Barrough (1590) (Source:EEBO).
[DEXTER DOAK]
Definition: ‘A medicinal conserve or paste, consisting of a powder or other ingredient mixed with honey, preserve, or syrup of some kind.’ (OED: ‘Electuary’, n.1a).
Example: ‘Trifera is an electuarie, made of myrobalanes, gynger, cloues.’ Works of Chirurgery, Joannes de Vigo (1543) (Souce:LEME).
[Dexter Doak]
Occurence: R.324
Definition: ‘The plant Linum usitatissimum bearing blue flowers which are succeeded by pods containing the seeds commonly known as linseed. It is cultivated for its textile fibre and for its seeds.’ (OED: ‘Flax’, n.1).
Example: ‘Oyle do lignuyse: Oyle of lynseed.’ French and English, William Caxton (ca.1480) (Source:LEME).
[Dexter Doak]
Occurence: R.324
Definition: ‘Orpine, Rosewort. (Obsolete. Rare).’ (OED: ‘Roseroot’, n.3).
Comment: "Rodia" appears to refer to "Rhodia Radix", a stonecrop commonly referred to as "roseroot" or "rosewort".
Example: ‘Rodia: a kinde of herbe, the roote [...] of the rose called rose wort.’ A Vvorlde of Wordes, John Florio (1598) (Souce:EEBO).
[Dexter Doak]
Occurence: R.315 R.325
Definition: ‘Tartar: Chemistry. Bitartrate of potash (acid potassium tartrate), present in grape juice, deposited in a crude form in the process of fermentation, and adhering to the sides of wine-casks in the form of a hard crust […]’ (OED: ‘Tarter’, n.1).
Example: ‘The lees or dregs that stick to the side of wine vessels.’ Glossographia or a Dictionary, Thomas Blount (1695) (Source: LEME).
[Dexter Doak]
Occurence: R.326
Definition: ‘An essential oil extracted from rose petals and much used in perfumery.’ (OED: ‘Rose Oil’, n.1).
Example: ‘Worke them well together with the white of egges and oyle of roses.’ Two Treatises Concerning the Preseruation of Eie-Sight, Walter Baley (1616)(Source:EEBO).
[Dexter Doak]
Definition: ‘A basic carbonate of lead, much used as a white pigment in paints and cosmetics, and also in waterproof sealants and lubricant; = ceruse n.’ (OED: ‘White Lead’, n.1).
Example: ‘White Lead, oftentimes vsed by Surgeons in oyntments & playsters. Some women make painting therewith.’ English Expositor, John Bullokar (1621) (Source:LEME).
[Dexter Doak]
Occurence: R.326
Definition : ‘A wooden stick for stirring porridge, etc.; a potstick or ‘thivel’.’ (OED: ‘Spurtle’, n.1b).
Example: ‘A piece of wood for turning oaten cakes.’ Cumbrian Dial, W. Nicholson Gloss. (1677)(Source:OED).
Comment: Although spurtles are traditionally made out of wood, it appears as though some iron cooking implements were also given the name.
[Dexter Doak]
Occurence: R.326
Definition: ‘Sandalwood n., in its various applications.’ (OED: ‘Sanders’, n.1).
Example: ‘[...] and season them with Ginger, Pepper, Cloves, Mace, Salt, a little Sanders.’ The Accomplish'd Lady's Delight in Preserving, Physick, Beautifying, and Cookery, Hannah Woolley. (1670) (Source:EEBO).
Comment: There are a number of distinct types of Sandalwood, including "red sandalwood".
[Dexter Doak]
Definition: ‘A whitish translucent crystalline volatile substance, belonging chemically to the vegetable oils, and having a bitter aromatic taste and a strong characteristic smell: it is used in pharmacy, and was formerly in repute as an antaphrodisiac.’ (OED: ‘Camphor’,n.1).
Example: ‘But Platearius affir meth it to be the iuice of an herbe. It is white of colour, and cold and dry in operation.’ English Expositor, John Bullokar (1621)(Source:LEME)
[Dexter Doak]
Occurence: R.326
Definition: ‘An astringent bole, of fatty consistence and reddish colour, obtained from Lemnos; formerly esteemed as a medicine and antidote; sphragide; known also as sealed earth.’ (OED: ‘Terra Sigillata’, n.1).
Example: ‘He drank a dram of the Terra Sigillata in olde wine.’ The Wonderfull and Strange eEffect and Vertues of a new Terra Sigillata lately found out in Germanie with the Right Order of the Applying and Administring of It, Andreas Bertholdus (1587)(Source:EEBO).
Comment: “Sealed earth”, refers to a rare type of clay, originally from Lemnos, Greece. Later uses of the term refer to medicinal clay or earth from a broad range of locales, including Germany. Wide medicinal use, including as an antidote to poison.
[Dexter Doak]
Comment: Animal bladder appears to have been used as a covering for recipes left out to cool and as a general kitchen aid.
[Dexter Doak]
Occurence: R.327
Example: ‘An excellent remedy for a Canker.: TAKE Peny-royall, red Fenell, red Sage, Rosemary toppes, Mayden-heare, of each of them a good handfull.’ A Rich Store-House or Treasury for the Diseased, A.T. (1596) (Source:EEBO).
Comment: Red sage is a type of sage. Often used as a folk-remedy for its supposed medicinal qualities.
[Dexter Doak]
Occurence: R.327
Comment: "Capricorn" in this instance appears to specficy the type of flowers which are to follow. Certain medicinal plants, such as comfrey, were, like many other natural phenomena, historically associated with specfic planets, lunar cycles and zodiac signs. A "capricorn flower" could either be a flower harvested at during a time during the constellation Capricorn appeared in a notable position, such as the winter equinox, or a flower associated with certian supposed medicinal virtues attributed to the zodiac sign.
Example: ‘A man might make a wonder herat, if he did not see and remember, that vpon the very shortest day in the yere, euen in midwinter when the sun is entred Capricorn, the herb Penyroyal vtseth of it selfe to floure [...] so willing is Nature to shew vs all her secrets, and to keepe nothing hidden from vs.’ The History of the World, Pliny the Elder (1634) (Source:EEBO).
Example: ‘This is also an Herb of Saturn, and I suppose under the Sign Capricorn, cold, dry and earthy in quality.’ The English Physitian, Nicholas Culpeper (1652) (Source:EEBO).
[Dexter Doak]
Occurence: R.327
Definition: ‘The English name of Symphytum officinale (family Boraginaceæ), a tall plant, common on margins of streams and ditches, with rough leaves, and drooping clusters of yellowish-white or reddish-purple bell-shaped flowers; formerly esteemed as a vulnerary.’ (OED: ‘Comfrey’, n.1a).
Example: ‘Comfry, Bone-set: An herb usefull both in meat and medicine.’ An English Dictionary, Elisha Coles (1677) (Source:LEME).
[Dexter Doak]
Definition: ‘A white or (now usually) red fortified wine originally shipped from Malaga. Also more fully Malaga sack.’ (OED: ‘Malaga’, n.1a).
Example: ‘This bearer promises me fair that I shall have 8 of my bot∣tles again; thereupon I will trust thee with one more; it is but Maligo Sack, reasonable good though.’ Coll. Henry Marten's Familiar Letters to his Lady of Delight , Henry Marten (1662) (Source:EEBO)
Comment: See note on "sack".
[Dexter Doak]
Occurence: R.327
Example: ‘All Medicines that are opening and provoke Urine, are best given in white-Wine or Ale, for they are of an opening Nature, and a great Strengthner of the Reins.’ The Experienced Farrier, E.R. Gent (1681) (Source:EEBO)
Example: ‘The great Comfry helpeth those that spit blood, or make a Bloody Urin.’ The English Physitian, Nicholas Culpeper (1652) (Source:EEBO).
Comment: The phrase "opening nature" appears to indicate that an ingredient in question will help those that ingest it to pass urine. This would be fitting, as comfrey, which features in this recipe was considered to help those with bloody urine or spit to "spit forth" the excess phlegm that was understood to have caused their condition.
[Dexter Doak]
Occurence: R.327 R.205 R.135 R.204 R.212 R.190 R.194 R.203 R.249 R.250
Definition: ‘The seed of the anise, used as a carminative, and in the preparation of Oil of Anise Spirit of Anise, Anise water, and Anisette.’ (OED: ‘Aniseed’, n.1).
Example: ‘The third is to repress the sums that ascend into the brain after eat, which thing may be done by eating a ttle dredge made of Aniseed and Coriander.’ Choice and Rare Experiments in Physick and Chirurgery, Thomas Collins (1658) (Source:EEBO).
Comment: See note on "Anil seeds". 204
[Dexter Doak]
Comment: Certain ailments, constitutions and herbs were considered to be either "hot" or "cold" in nature.
Example: ‘Wherefore is it, that very hot things, as Water cresses, Asmart, and the like, doe grow in cold places.’ Curiosities, Robert Basset (1637) (Source:EEBO).
Example: ‘Especially Care must bee taken, that no Hot Things, bee applied to the Head, outwardly, Such are kindes of Spices, the very Nutmeg not excepted.’ Historie Naturall and Experimentall, of Life and Death, Francis Bacon (1638) (Source:EEBO).
[Dexter Doak]
2021-12: Abi Hockaday
Occurence: R.57.
Definition: ‘A warm drink of sweetened or spiced wine or ale thickened with gruel or other ingredients, given chiefly to invalids, expectant mothers, etc., and (formerly) also to those visiting a mother following the birth of a child’ (OED: ‘caudle’, n.1).
[Abi Hockaday]
Occurence: R.58.
Definition: ‘An agave (some of which mature very slowly and take a number of years to come into flower)’ (OED: ‘century plant’, c.2).
Comment: ‘Century, an alternative spelling of sentry, refers to a type of plant, and specifically, ‘sentry tops’ refers to the top part of the agave flower.’
[Abi Hockaday]
Occurence: R.58.
Definition: ‘Of medicines, food, or beverages: Stimulating, ‘comforting’, or invigorating the heart; restorative, reviving, cheering’ (OED: ‘cordial’, a.2).
[Abi Hockaday]
Occurence: R.58.
Definition: ‘The rhizome (also called liquorice-root) of the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra. Also, a preparation (used medicinally and as a sweetmeat) made from the evaporated juice of this rhizome, and commonly sold in black cylindrical sticks’ (OED: ‘liquorice’, n.1).
[Abi Hockaday]
Occurence: R.58.
Definition: ‘A cordial or liqueur originally made with the juice of the sundew plant, later from spiced and flavoured spirits’(OED: ‘rosa solis’, n.1).
Comment: ‘Rosa solis was made using aqua vitae, in which the plant (ros solis or sundew) was steeped in a glass or pewter pot of three or four pints for three days and three nights. […] At this time aqua vitae had […] infinite virtues, including efficacy against aches in the bones, the pox [...].’Written Texts and the Performance of MaterialityCatherine Richardson.Writing Material Culture HistoryEdited by Anne Gerritsen and Giorgio Riello (2021).
[Abi Hockaday]
Occurence: R.58.
Definition: ‘To soak in water or other liquid; chiefly, to do so for the purpose of softening, altering in properties, cleansing, or the like, or for that of extracting some constituent’(OED: ‘steep’, v.1).
Comment: ‘Can also be used as a noun, for example, ‘in a steep’ or ‘in steep’’(OED: ‘steep’, n.1).
[Abi Hockaday]
Occurence: R.58.
Definition: ‘To subject to the process of distillation’(OED: ‘still’, v.2).
Comment: ‘Used in this manuscript as a verb, and a noun, the physical apparatus, but both refer to the process of distillation, which is to vaporize a substance by means of heat, and then condense the vapour by exposing it to cold, so as to obtain the substance or one of its constituents in a state of concentration or purity’(OED: ‘distillation’, v.4).
[Abi Hockaday]
Occurence: R.58.
Definition: ‘Crystallized sugar made by boiling and slow evaporation’(OED: ‘sugar candy’, n.1).
Comment: ‘Sugar, sugar candy and syrups were often used to sweeten bitter herbs, especially when giving medicine to children.’Just a Spoonful of Sugar: Syrup and Domesticity in Early Modern EnglandWall, Wendy (2006) (Source: Modern Philology. vol. 104, no. 2, pp. 156).
[Abi Hockaday]
2021-13: James Hogg
Occurrence: R.426
Comment: A common name for the fern polypodium vulgare.
[James Hogg]
Occurrence: R.426
Comment: A fern species commonly known as rustyback.
[James Hogg]
Comment: A genus in the honeysuckle family.
[James Hogg]
Comment: A perennial grassland herb more commonly known as common hedgenettle
[James Hogg]
Occurrence: R.4127
Comment: Intention is most likely to be succory dock-cress. A resistant plant which defends your skin.
[James Hogg]
Occurrence: R.427
Comment: This appears to be an obselete word. However, it appears that it is a mineral which is used for medicinal purposes.
[James Hogg]
Occurrrence: R.428
Comment: More commonly known as rose madder which gets its name for the colour of the roots extracted from rubia tinctorum.
2021-14: Beb Horner
Occurence: F.57
Definition: ‘An alcoholic liquor obtained by the fermentation of malt (or other saccharine substance), flavoured with hops or other aromatic bitters. Formerly distinguished from ale by being hopped; but now the generic name of malt liquor, including ale and porter, though sometimes restricted and used in contradistinction to ale.’ ( OED: ‘beer’ n.1).
Comment: This spelling of bear(e) suggests the beverage rather than the mammal based on the reference to liquid and the absence of blood as indicated in the next folio.
[Beb Horner]
Occurence: F.57
Definition:‘Designating the colour of blood, a ruby, a ripe tomato, etc., and appearing in various shades at the longer-wavelength end of the visible spectrum, next to orange and opposite to violet; of or having this colour.’ (OED: ‘red ’ adj, and n.)
Comment: A less common spelling connected to Scotland. It could indicate the author had a regional dialect.
[Beb Horner]
Occurence: F.57
Definition:‘Any of various plants constituting the genus Agrimonia (family Rosaceae), comprising perennial herbaceous flowering plants native chiefly to temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere; esp. (more fully common agrimony) A. eupatoria, with small, serrated pinnate leaves and spikes of yellow flowers; (formerly also) †a medicinal preparation of this plant (obsolete)..’ (OED: ‘agrimony ’ n.1.
Example: ‘his herbe Agrimonia men cal it Egrymonye. The vertue of this herbe is thus, & it be eaten the herbe and the roote grene, it healeth the akynge of the wombe.’ William Copland, A Boke of the Propreties of Herbes called an Herball William Copland (1552) (Source: LEME).
[Beb Horner]
Occurence: F.57
Definition:‘The common name of Oxalis Acetosella, a low-growing woodland plant having delicate trifoliate leaves and small white flowers streaked with purple, appearing in spring.’(OED: ‘wood sorrel ’,n.)
Example: ‘Going into the woods we sustained ourselves with a certain herb like unto Sorrell.’ , The voyages and adventures of Fernand Mendez Pinto. ,Fernão Mendes Pinto (1653) (OED)
[Beb Horner]
Occurence: F.57
Definition:‘A plant of the genus Acanthus, esp. A. mollis or A. spinosus.’ (OED:‘bear's foot’,n.)
Example: it is thought to destroy and kill lice, and not onely lice but sheepe and other cattell: and may be reckoned among the Beare-feet, as kindes thereof The herball or Generall historie of plantes. athered by Iohn Gerarde of London Master in Chirurgerie very much enlarged and amended by Thomas Iohnson citizen and apothecarye of London (1633) (Source: EEBO)
[Beb Horner]
Occurence: F.57
Definition: ‘To make into or bring to the consistence of syrup.’ (OED‘syruped’ ,v.3)
Comment: A less common spelling.
[Beb Horner]
Occurence: F.57
Definition: ‘A plant of the genus Allium (usually A. sativum) having a bulbous root, a very strong smell, and an acrid, pungent taste.’ (OED‘G’ ,n.)
Comment: As the letter appears above the word 'clove | cloue', it is likely that this was intended as shorthand for Garlic.
[Beb Horner]
2021-15: Etheria Huo
Occurrence: R.329
Definition:‘Formerly: a common plant of the buttercup family which produces yellow flowers in the early spring. ’ (OED:‘salrndine’, n.1)
Example:‘The juice of the greater celandine will adorn you with the most beautiful eruptions and tumors.’, The extraordinary adventures of Arsene Lupin , A. Marsh (1683) (Source: dictrionary.com).
[Etheria Huo]
Occurrence: R.329
Definition: ‘a plant of the rose family which bears slender flower spikes and hooked fruits, found in north temperate regions. late Middle English: directly or (in early use) via Old French from Latin agrimonia, alteration of argemonia, from Greek argemōnē ‘poppy’’. (OED: ‘agrimony’, n.1)
Example: ‘It feeds in the stems of thistles, burdock, hemp-agrimony, etc.’ The moths of the British isles, first series Richard South (Source: dictornary.com)
[Etheria Huo]
Occurrence: R.329
Definition: ‘an annual pubescent herb (Cnicus benedictus) with large heads of yellow flowers’. (Webster: ‘benedictus’, n.1)
Example: ‘xtractives and their physically modified derivatives such as tinctures, concretes, absolutes, essential oils, oleoresins, terpenes, terpene-free fractions, distillates, residues, etc., obtained from Cnicus benedictus, Compositae’. (Source: Glosbe)
[Etheria Huo]
Occurrence: R.329
Definiton: ‘An evergreen aromatic shrub of the mint family, native to southern Europe. The narrow leaves are used as a culinary herb, in perfumery, and as an emblem of remembrance’. (LEXICO: ‘rosemary’, n.1)
Example: ‘Fennel, rosemary, marjoram, garlic, and juniper berries are variously favoured aromatics in Italian pork cookery’. (Source: LEXICO)
[Etheria Huo]
Occurrence: R.329
Defintion: ‘A tall aromatic plant of the parsley family, with large leaves and yellowish-green flowers. It is used in cooking and herbal medicine. The candied stalk of angelica, used in confectionery and cake decoration’. (LEXICO: ‘angelica’, n.1)
Example: ‘Caterpillars of the Black and Anise Swallowtail make their home on and eat the leaves from the parsley family that include fennel, angelica, dill and chervil’ (Source: LEXICO)
[Etheria Huo]
Occurrence: R.330
Definition: ‘A portion of a human or animal body. Frequently in plural. Also: spec. (in plural) the genitals’. (OED: ‘natural parts’,n.1)
Example: ‘In a previe place and a secrete perte, He shoote hime in at the left oxtere, The arrowe quiett throughe harte’. Surtees Misc Sir A. Barton (1888) (Source: OED)
[Etheria Huo]
Definition: ‘an orange-yellow flavouring, food colouring, and dye made from the dried stigmas of a crocus. an autumn-flowering crocus with reddish-purple flowers, native to warmer regions of Eurasia. Enormous numbers of flowers are required to produce a small quantity of the large red stigmas used for the spice.’ (OED: ‘saffron’, n.1)
Example:‘Influence of the type of dehydration process on the sensory properties of saffron spice.’ (Source: Cambridge English Corpus)
[Etheria Huo]
Definition:‘Cardo Santo, the blessed Thistle or Cardus benedictus’ A World of Words John Florio, (1598) (Source: LEME:‘cardus’,n.1)
Example:‘And, to quench her Thirst, We gave her this Juleb; Of Cardus water one pound’ Several Choice Histories of the Medecines, Ysbrand van Diemerbroeck (1666) (Source: EEBO)
[Etheria Huo]
2021-16: Peter Lennon
Occurence: R.403
Comment: The author of this recipe for King's Evil. Below this recipe is another recipe for the King's Evil by Lady Winter. Perhaps these contributions were in response to the appearance of the illness in the recipe book's household at the time.
[Peter Lennon]
Occurence: R.403
Comment: I have been unable to find a formal definition of this term, or even an appearance in other documents. However, taken separately and translated from the Latin, ‘lignum’ is ‘wood’ (Cassell’s Latin Dictionary: ‘lignum’, n.1), while ‘gratia’ is ‘thankfulness’ (Cassell’s Latin Dictionary: ‘gratia’, n.5). Both words have been used in relation to herbs, with ‘lignum vitae’ – ‘The hard and heavy brownish-green wood of G. officinale and G. sanctum’ (OED: ‘guaiacum’, n.2). – and ‘Gratia Dei’ – ‘a type of medical plaster’ (OED: ‘Gratia Dei’, n.1). – both being common ingredients in early modern medicine. However, given the dietary nature of the recipe, as well as the effects of other herbs outlined below, ‘lignum gratia’ is likely to be a herb with purgative qualities.
[Peter Lennon]
Occurence: R.403
Definition: ‘A small tree, Sassafras officinale (N.O. Laurineæ), also called Sassafras Laurel and Ague-tree, with green apetalous flowers and dimorphous leaves, native in North America, where it is said to have been discovered by the Spanish in 1528’ (OED: ‘Sassafras’, n.1).
Example: ‘I can cure the Gout, if there were no such thing as Sassafras. I only use Sassafras in Apozems as a proper Vehicle to dilute other Medicines in the Stomach’, A vindication of some objections lately raised against Dr. John Colbatch his hipothesis : together with some observations on his essay of alkaly and acid and it's [sic] appendix, Dr Francis Tuthill of Dorchester (1698) (Source: EEBO).
[Peter Lennon]
Occurence: R.403
Defintition: ‘A purgative drug obtained from the tuberous roots of Exogonium (Ipomœa) Purga and some other convolvulaceous plants; the active principle is the resin contained in the tubers (resin of jalap)’ (OED: ‘jalop’, n.1).
Example: ‘The Best Hydragogues are prepared of Elder, Dwarf-elder, Jallop-roots, Elaterium, Gum-gutty, Crystals of Silver, &c. of which you may prepare purging Infusions’, Enchiridion medicum.; Manual of physick, Robert Johnson (1684) (Source: EEBO)
[Peter Lennon]
Occurence: R.403
Definition: ‘The dried leaflets of various species of Cassia, used as a cathartic and emetic’ (OED: ‘senna’, n.2).
Comment: This diet drink uses herbs with purgative qualities.
[Peter Lennon]
Occurence: R.403
Definition: ‘Any fern of the genus Polypodium or the family Polypodiaceae’, (OED: ‘polipod’, n.1).
Example: ‘A good purging potion […] Polipode of the Oak, Elecampane root dried, roots of wild small Sorrel, Succory roots cleansed, of either half an ounce’, Cures for severall diseases.; Preservatives against the plague.; Compleat cabinet opened for child-bearing women, Anonymous (1675) (Source: EEBO)
[Peter Lennon]
Occurence: R.403
Definition: ‘A fragrant perennial umbellifer (Fæniculum vulgare) having yellow flowers, cultivated chiefly for its use in sauces eaten with salmon, etc.’, (OED: ‘fennel’, n.1).
[Peter Lennon]
Occurence: R.403
Comment: Nutmegs were also used as purgatives, clensing the stomach.
Example: ‘take the quantity of a small Nutmeg first in the Morning, and one hour before eating, and last at Night, for three or four days together; it will cause a good Digestion, and cleanseth the Stomach, and causeth a good Appetite’, A Discourse Shewing the Nature of the Gout, Atkins Williams (1694) (Source: EEBO)
[Peter Lennon]
Occurence:R.403
Definition: ‘Any of the herbaceous plants of the genus Scabiosa (N.O. Dipsaceae), formerly believed to be efficacious for the cure of certain skin-diseases’, (OED: ‘scabious’, n.1).
[Peter Lennon]
Occurence: R.403
Comment: The rest of the word falls into the book’s gutter and I have been unable to check in person due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
[Peter Lennon]
Occurence: R.403
Comment: Within the context, this is perhaps synonymous with ‘fit’ or ‘do’ in modern language, as in ‘but any could do’. There seems to be flexibility in what ingredients listed are included in the making of the diet drink.
[Peter Lennon]
Occurence: R.403
Definition:‘A labiate herb, Marrubium vulgare, having stem and leaves covered with white cottony pubescence; its aromatic bitter juice is much used as a remedy for coughs, etc’, (OED: ‘horehound’, n.1).
Example: ‘To Cure the Dropsie […] put to it of the tops of Broom and Centaury, of each one handful, of Horehound 2 handfuls, of Juniper-berries bruised, and Gentian-root slic'd, of each one ounce; after 2 days infusion it will be fit for your use’, Dr Lowe's recipts, Richard Lower (1700) (Source: EEBO)
[Peter Lennon]
Occurence: R.403
Comment: The rest of the word falls into the book’s gutter and I have been unable to check in person due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
[Peter Lennon]
Occurence: R.403
Definition:‘An umbelliferous annual plant, Anethum graveolens, with yellow flowers, a native of the South of Europe, Egypt, India, South Africa, etc., cultivated in herb gardens in England and other countries, for its carminative fruits or ‘seeds’’, (OED:‘dill’, n.1).
[Peter Lennon]
Occurence: R.404
Comment: As signified by her title, Lady Winter is of a higher social status than Mrs Sheules; this book has potentially traversed social spheres.
[Peter Lennon]
Occurence: R.404
Definition:‘A shrub, Sarothamnus (or Cytisus) Scoparius (family Leguminosæ), bearing large handsome yellow papilionaceous flowers; abundant on sandy banks, pastures, and heaths in Britain, and diffused over Western Europe’, (OED:‘broom’, n.1).
Example:‘In this difficult case we must use the temperate Rootes, such as are the sharp Dock, Grasse roots, Butchers Broom, and Asparagus, which open obstructions without any manifest heat, and doe not increase the feaverish distemper, and so the worst is prevented’, Pharmacope?e, Brice Baderon (1657) (Source: EEBO)
[Peter Lennon]
Occurence: R.403
Comment: The rest of the word falls into the book’s gutter and I have been unable to check in person due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
[Peter Lennon]
Occurence: R.404
Definition: ‘formerly of the Black Stinking Horehound’, (OED:‘archangel’, n.2).
Comment: Horehound is used in the previous recipe – also a diet drink for the King’s Evil. It is possible that Mrs Sheules and Lady Winters have used different names for the same plant.
[Peter Lennon]
Occurence: R.405
Example:‘The goose dung is of that hot faculty that it burneth the grasse where it lyeth: heerehence wee may gather how, and of of what subtile and thin parts is is, and how mightily it moueth vrin, being transfused, with some conuenient liquor’, A treatise, vvherein is declared the sufficiencie of English medicines, for cure of all diseases, cured with medicines, Robert Pemell (1650) (Source: EEBO)
Comment: The goose dung is seemingly used to aid the expelling of diseases and sickness through urine.
[Peter Lennon]
Occurence: R.405
Comment: The fire seems to melt and/or split ointments, with Atkins Williams providing a similar warning - ‘then stir it about with your Finger very well till it be near dried in, but not by the Fire, for 'tis hot of it self’, A Discourse Shewing the Nature of the Gout, Atkins Williams (1694) (Source: EEBO)
[Peter Lennon]
Occurence: R.405
Definition:‘The male of the swine, whether wild or tame (but uncastrated)’, (OED:‘boar’, n.1).
Example: ‘Daffodill stamped with Bores-grease’, The Experienced Farrier, or Farring Compleated, E. R. Gent (1681) (Source: EEBO)
[Peter Lennon]
2021-17: Emma MacDonald
Occurrence: R.336
Definition‘Originally: an aromatic umbelliferous plant native to northern and eastern Europe...cultivated for its seeds and stems...and for its roots which are used medicinally’ (Source: OED ‘angelica’, n.1)
[Emma MacDonald]
Occurrence: R.337
Definition: The meaning is unclear, but within the context of this recipe it is likely to be a reference or variation of ‘a quarter’
[Emma MacDonald]
Occurrence: R.336
Definition:‘An aromatic substance, consisting of resin mixed with volatile oils...and much prized for its fragrance and medicinal properties’ (Source: OED ‘balm’, n.1)
Comment: ‘Balme’ is an alternative spelling to ‘balm’, which according to A Modern Herbal, was used as a remedy for fevers, and also applied externally to treat wounds
[Emma MacDonald]
Occurrence: R.338
Definition: ‘A fluid dram (=1/8 fluid ounce) of medicine, etc.; hence... a small draught of cordial, stimulant, or spirituous liquor.’ (Source: OED, ‘dram’, n.1)
[Emma MacDonald]
Occurrence: R.336
Definition: In the context of this recipe, it is likely that this is in reference to either ‘dragonwort’, a small plant, or ‘dragons blood’. Dragons blood refers to a range of plant species which were used medicinally for their astringent qualities. (Source: A Modern Herbal)
[Emma MacDonald]
Occurrence: R.336
Definition: ‘A plant with golden or yellow flowers’ (Source: OED ‘marigold’, n)
Comment: Marigold was often used to create a medicinal drink, and was though to have stimulant and diaphoretic properties. (Source: A Modern Herbal)
[Emma MacDonald]
Occurrence: R.336
Definition: ‘Any of various medicinal preparations, usually in the form of an electuary compounded of many ingredients, believed to be a universal antidote to poison or a panacea.’ (Source:OED ‘mithridate’, n)
[Emma MacDonald]
Occurrence: R.336
Definition: ‘A tall perennial plant...which has small flower heads in long leady panicles...is found widely throughout temperate areas of the northern hemisphere.’ (Source:OED: ‘mugwort’, n.)
Comment: Mugwort has stimulant and tonic properties, and was also used to encourage menstruation. It was often given to patients to drink as an infusion in boiling water. (Source:‘A Modern Herbal’)
[Emma MacDonald]
Occurrence: R.336
Definition: ‘The tree ‘Prunus persica’, having lanceolate leaves and pink flowers, native to China...and widely grown in warm-temperature countries, chiefly for its fruit’ (Source:OED: ‘Peach’, n.1)
Comment: Peach flowers were used medicinally to create a syrup, which was thought to be beneficial for children and for general poor health. (Source: ‘A Modern Herbal’)
[Emma MacDonald]
Occurrence: R.336
Definition: ‘An aqueous extract of pimpernel...used esp. to clear the complexion.’ (Source:OED: ‘pimpernel’)
Comment: This was also considered to be an ‘excellent medicine in feverish complaints’ (Source: ‘A Modern Herbal’)
[Emma MacDonald]
Occurrence: R.336
Definition: ‘An evergreen aromatic shrub...native to southern Europe and having narrow, needle-like leaves which are used as a culinary herb, in perfumery, and (esp. formerly) in medicine.’ (OED: ‘rosemary’)
Comment: Rosemary was used in medicine as a tonic and astringent, and was thought to encourage perspiration. It was also used in hair lotions for its pleasant smell and was though to stimulate hair growth. (Source: ‘A Modern Herbal’)
[Emma MacDonald]
Occurrence: R.337
Definition: ‘...An aromatic culinary herb...’ (OED: ‘sage’, n.1)
Comment: Sage was used medicinally for its astringent and stimulant properties, and particularly to treat digestive problems. It is still used in herbal medicine today. (Source:‘A Modern Herbal’)
[Emma MacDonald]
Occurrence: R.336
Definition: ‘The name of two distinct plants, bearing yellow flowers’ (OED: ‘celandine’, n). This name refers to both lesser and greater celandine, and both were used in herbal medicine.
Comment: Greater celandine was used for its diuretic and purgative qualities, and was thought to help liver and eye conditions. Lesser celadnine was used in medicinally in liquids and also externally as an ointments.
[Emma MacDonald]
Occurrence: R.366
Definition: ‘Any of the herbaceous plants of the genus Scabiosa, formerly believed to be effacious for the cure of certain skin diseases’ (OED: ‘Scabious’, n).
[Emma MacDonald]
Occurrence: R.366
Definition: ‘A low growing herb...common on heaths and dry pastures, bearing small four-petalled yellow flowers, and having strongly astringent roots; in use from early times in medicine.’ (OED: ‘tormentil’, n).
[Emma MacDonald]
Occurrence: R.337
Definition:‘Old pharmacology. A medicinal compound, originally a kind of salve, composed of many ingredients, formerly in repute as an alexipharmix against and antidote to venomous bites, poisons generally, and malignant diseases.’ (OED: ‘treacle’, n.)
[Emma MacDonald]
2021-18: Pria Mani
Comment: ‘Used with generalizing or emphatic force after words or phrases preceded by how, what, which, whose, etc.’ (OED: ‘soever’, adv.).
[Pria Mani]
Comment: ‘To exhaust or wear out (oneself or itself); to become incapable of further activity.’ (OED: ‘spend’, v.1, 5.d. reflexive.).
[Pria Mani]
Occurrence: R.429
Definition: A plant ‘with small, serrated pinnate leaves and spikes of yellow flowers; (formerly also) a medicinal preparation of this plant (obsolete).’ (OED: ‘agrimony’, n.).
[Pria Mani]
Occurrence: R.429
Definition: ‘The English name for a common wild species of Crane's-bill or Geranium, wih divided leaves and light reddish purple flowers.’ (OED: ‘herb Robert’, n.).
Comment: It was traditionally used as an antiseptic and could also be used to treat stomach upset.
[Pria Mani]
Occurrence: R.429
Definition: ‘to dress (food).’ (OED: ‘cate’, v.).
Comment: I think in this instance, hearb cated describes the addition of herbs to the recipe that may have been known as decorative herbs.
[Pria Mani]
Comment: No results found. Could be spelt incorrectly or a made-up term referring to something else.
[Pria Mani]
Occurrence: R.429
Definition: ‘formerly regarded as a remedy for haemorrhoids (now chiefly historical).’ (OED: ‘pilewort’, n.).
[Pria Mani]
Occurrence: R.429
Definition: [I think]; a herb known to promote blood circulation and support cardiovascular health.
[Pria Mani]
Occurrence: R.429
Definition: [I think]; a spice that has traditionally been used for treating stomach discomfort, stomach ulcers, and nausea.
Comment: No results found for lary mace or what lary might mean in this context.
[Pria Mani]
Occurrence: R.429
Definition: ‘an umbelliferous plant (Carum carui): its small fruits, commonly called caraway seeds, are aromatic and carminative’ (OED: ‘caraway’, n.).
Comment: believed to help reduce symptoms of indigestion.
[Pria Mani]
Occurrence: R.429
Definition: ‘a conical cloth bag used to strain or filter liquids finely.’ (OED: ‘hippocras bag’, n.).
[Pria Mani]
Occurrence: R.429
Definition: ‘Of food, liquor, etc.: Boiled; prepared by boiling. Obsolete.’ (OED: ‘sod’, adj.).
[Pria Mani]
Occurrence: R.429
Definition: ‘a yellowish substance produced as a froth or as a sediment during the alcoholic fermentation of malt worts and other saccharine fluids’. (OED: ‘yeast’, n.).
[Pria Mani]
Occurrence: R.429
Definition: ‘a close cask for liquors, containing from three to twenty gallons.’, A New Universal Etymological English Dictionary, Joseph Nicol Scott (1755) (Source: LEME).
[Pria Mani]
Occurrence: R.429
Definition: ‘In Old English apparently the usual word for alcoholic drink brewed from malt’ (OED: ‘ale’, n.).
Comment: ‘Clere as ale or wyne’, Catholicon Anglicum: The Remedy for all Diseases, Anonymous (ca. 1483) Evidence from another medicinal book suggests ale might refer to a drink created through a particular process.
[Pria Mani]
Occurrence: R.429
Definition: ‘A fragrant perennial umbellifer ( Fæniculum vulgare) having yellow flowers, cultivated chiefly for its use in sauces’ (OED: ‘fennel’, n.).
Comment: Believed to relax muscles in the intestines, which can relieve constipation.
[Pria Mani]
Occurrence: R.429
Definition: ‘That has been made through the application of labour or skill’ (OED: ‘wrought’, adj.). Created or made with something, in this case, with yeast.
[Pria Mani]
2021-19: Neve McMahon
Occurence: R.332
Definition: ‘A receptacle of a hard material (e.g. marble, brass, wood, or glass), having a cup-shaped cavity in which ingredients used in pharmacy, cookery, etc., are pounded with a pestle’ (OED: ‘mortar’, n.).
Example: ‘A drynke made of wheate brayed in a stone morter, the huskes of the wheate beinge taken cleane away’, The Dictionary of Sir Thomas Elyot, Thomas Elyot (1538) (Source: LEME).
[Neve McMahon]
Occurence: R.332
Definition: ‘Any of several infectious diseases characterized by a rash of pustules (pocks), esp. smallpox, cowpox, and chickenpox’ (OED: ‘pox’, n.)
Example: ‘Is that which arises after a crisis or discharge of some morbid matter: as after the declension of the small pox or measles’, Universal Etymological English Dictionary , Nathan Bailey (1737) (Source: LEME).
[Neve McMahon]
Occurence: R.332
Definition: ‘Of a person: afflicted with leprosy or a similarly disfiguring skin disease; leprous. Also (in extended use): wretched, sinful, repulsive’ (OED: ‘mesel’, adj. and n.).
Definition: ‘When as Feuers are accompanied with small Poxe, or Mesels, with spots, or red markes like to the biting of Fleas, it is a signe of a pestilent Feuer’, A Treatise of the Plague , Thomas Lodge (1603) (Source: EEBO).
[Neve McMahon]
Occurence: R.332
Definition: ‘An acute or high fever; disease, or a disease, characterized by such fever, esp. when recurring periodically, spec. malaria. Also: a malarial paroxysm, or (esp. in later use) the initial stage of such a paroxysm, marked by an intense feeling of cold and shivering. Now chiefly historical’ (OED: ‘ague’, n.).
Example: ‘Ague Proof’, adj. ‘Proof against agues; able to resist the causes which produce agues, without being affected’, A Dictionary of the English Language, Samuel Johnson (1755) (Source: LEME).
[Neve McMahon]
Occurence: R.333
Definition: ‘Senses relating to the moral virtue, excellence, etc., of a person, action, or quality’’ (OED: ‘virtuous’, adj. and n.).
Example: ‘There is no vice, which hath not beginning from a Lye: nor any Vertue, whose originall is not Truth’, The Fower Cardinall-Vertues, Sir Edward Dering (1641) (Source: EEBO).
[Neve McMahon]
Occurence: R.333
Definition: ‘in old pharmacy, an electuary composed of many ingredients and supposed to possess universal alexipharmic and preservative properties’ (OED: ‘Venice treacle’, n.).
Example: ‘Howbeit, well knowne a Mountebank, that went from towne to towne With Venis-Treacle, and with Drugges, that he sould vp and downe’, The Hunting of the Pox, J.T Westminster (1619) (Source: EEBO).
[Neve McMahon]
Occurence: R.333
Definition: ‘A fatal epidemic or disease, affecting people or animals; a plague; spec. (frequently in the pestilence) bubonic plague. Also: an instance of this’ (OED: ‘pestilence’, n. and adv.).
Example: ‘A brief collection of those provoking sins, recorded in the holy scriptures, for which the lord bath usually sent the sore destroying pestilence and plague among a people’, The Causes & Cures of the Pestilence, Thomas Rosewell (1665) (Source: EEBO).
[Neve McMahon]
Occurence: R.333
Definition: ‘Affected with or constitutionally liable to melancholy as a medical condition; accompanying melancholy. Now archaic and historical’ (OED: ‘melancholy’,adj. and n.).
Example: ‘Bandy that was once so jolly, / is now grown so malencholly;/ for Massie hath deprived him,/ and Lady Waller forsaken him’, The Ladies Parliament, Henry Neville (1647) (Source: EEBO).
[Neve McMahon]
Occurence: R.333
Definition: ‘The raines or kidneies of ones backe’ A World of Words, John Florio (1598) (Source: LEME).
Example: ‘Nephritis, a syckenesse and griefe in the raines’, Bibliotheca Eliotae, Thomas Elyot (1542) (Source: LEME).
[Neve McMahon]
Occurence: R.333
Definition: ‘A name for the Water-Germander, Teucrium Scordium, a plant formerly in use in medicine as a sudorific, an antidote for poisons, etc’ (OED: ‘scordium’, n.).
Example: ‘By infusing or steeping in it any one or more of these Ingredients; Wormwood, Angelica, Masterwort, Bay-leaves, Rosemary, Rue, Sage, Scordium’, Certain Necessary Directions, Anonymous (1665) (Source: EEBO).
[Neve McMahon]
Occurence: R.333
Definition: ‘That resembles a mad dog; wild, reckless, or hare-brained, esp. dangerously so’ (OED: ‘mad dog’, n.).
Example: ‘Sir, hauing collected out of many learned Authors, sundry speciall notes and obseruations, shewing what strang and cruell accidents, doe vsually or very often, follow the bitings of madde dogges’, A Declaration of such Greiuous Accidents, Thomas Spackman (1613) (Source: EEBO).
[Neve McMahon]
Occurence: R.333
Definition: ‘Any of various showy herbaceous or shrubby plants of the genus Paeonia (family Paeoniaceae, formerly included in Ranunculaceae), with large globular flowers that are chiefly crimson, pink, or white (often double in cultivation), which are now much grown as ornamental garden plants but were formerly valued chiefly for the supposed medicinal properties of the root, flowers, and seeds. Also: a flower or flowering stem of this plant’ (OED: ‘peony’, n. and adj.).
Example: ‘An herbe callyd also peony ’, The Dictionary of Sir Thomas Elyot, Thomas Elyot (1538) (Source: LEME).
[Neve McMahon]
Occurence: R.333
Definition: ‘A malady, very sudden in its attack, which arrests more or less completely the powers of sense and motion; it is usually caused by an effusion of blood or serum in the brain, and preceded by giddiness, partial loss of muscular power’ (OED: ‘apoplexy’, n.).
Example: ‘This apoplexi wil certaine be his end’, The Second Part of Henrie the Fourth, William Shakespeare (1600) (Source: EEBO).
[Neve McMahon]
Occurence: R.333
Definition: ‘In a marvellous or wonderful manner; to an astonishing or extraordinary degree’ (OED: ‘marvelously’, adv.).
Example: ‘The bowels of compassion are in some men so marualously dryed and closed vp, that they turne away their faces from all men’, The English Vsurer; or Vsury Condemned, Anonymous (1634) (Source: EEBO).
[Neve McMahon]
Occurence: R.333
Definition: ‘Any of various herbaceous plants constituting the genus Papaver (family Papaveraceae), mostly native to the northern hemisphere, which have milky latex often with narcotic properties, showy solitary flowers with four delicate-textured petals, and a seed capsule opening by terminal pores; spec. any of several plants of this genus occurring as arable weeds, esp. corn poppy, P. rhoeas, noted for its bright scarlet flowers’ (OED: ‘poppy’, n.).
Example: ‘Thys herbe hath leues lyke to wylde popy, but the leues be more whyte’, A Boke of the Propreties of Herbes called an Herball, William Copland (1552) (Source: LEME).
[Neve McMahon]
Occurence: R.332
Definition: ‘As a mass noun: the fruits or seeds of the grass Oryza sativa, forming one of the most important foodgrains of the world; (later also) (usually with distinguishing word) the grain provided by O. glaberrima, cultivated chiefly in Africa. Also (as a count noun): a type of such grain’ (OED: ‘rice’, n.).
Example: ‘A sort of esculent grain: its grains are disposed in¬ to a panicle which are almost of an oval figure, and are covered with a thick husk, somewhat like barley’, A New Universal Etymological English Dictionary, Joseph Nicol Scott (1755) (Source: LEME).
[Neve McMahon]
Occurence: R.333
Definition: ‘A bluish-green variety of beryl Etymology: Latin aqua marīna sea-water (from its colour); the earlier equivalent was aigue-marine n. from French, also written ag-, aque-marine’ (OED: ‘aquamarine’, n.)
Example: ‘A Gem, or precious Stone, of a Sea-Green Colour’, Cyclopædia; or, an universal dictionary of arts and sciences, Ephraim Chambers (1728) (Source: OED).
Comment: Based on the definitions provided by the OED on aquamarine and aqua; aquamaria water seems to be a type of sea water.
[Neve McMahon]
Occurence: R.333
Definition: ‘A medicinal drink or syrup made of vinegar and honey, sometimes with other ingredients’, (OED: ‘oxymel’, n.).
Example: ‘A sirupe made of Hony, Vineger and water, good to cut and clense grosse flegmatick humors: sometime there are boy led certain roots and seeds with it; and then is it called Oxymel compositum’, An English Expositor, John Bullokar (1616) (Source: LEME).
Comment: Now historical.
[Neve McMahon]
Occurence: R.333
Definition: ‘Material that causes illness or death when introduced into or absorbed by a living organism, esp. when able to kill by rapid action and when taken in small quantity; a substance of this kind’, (OED: ‘poison’, n. ‘poysun’, n. ‘peighson’, n.).
Example: ‘‘A basilisk’ This creature is said to kill at a distance, only by sending out of its eyes a secret poison, which it conveys to the creature with whom it is displeased’, A New Universal Etymological English Dictionary , Joseph Nicol Scott (1755) (Source: LEME).
[Neve McMahon]
Occurence: R.333
Definition: ‘The built-up and densely inhabited part of a region as distinguished from the countryside; urban areas’, (OED: ‘city’, n. ‘site’, n.).
Example: ‘The setting or standing of any place: the site’, Thesaurus Linguae Romanae et Britannicae, Thomas Cooper (1578) (Source: LEME).
[Neve McMahon]
Occurence: R.333
Definition: ‘Now called Wild Endive, Succory, or Chicory, indigenous in Europe, and common in a wild state in many parts of England’, (OED: ‘endive’, n.)
Example: ‘Take of cassia new extracted one ounce, of hony halfe an ounce, of sugar two drammes, infuse these seuen or eight howers, in fowre ounces of borrage water, and sower ounces of violet or endiue water’, A New Booke, James Manning (1604) (Source: EEBO).
Comment: The phrase setis endiue from the definitions provided appears to be a plant found in the urban parts of the city.
[Neve McMahon]
2021-20: Joseph Parkinson
Occurrence: R.436
Comment: The Delavals were a prominent aristocratic family residing in Seaton Delaval Hall in Northumberland. The family name ran from the 11th century up until the 19th century.
[Joseph Parkinson]
Occurrence: R.436
Comment: recipes marked with "this" placed into the contents page of the original manuscript
[Joseph Parkinson]
Occurrence: R.436
Comment: A plant (Stachys betonica) of the Labiate order, having spiked purple flowers and ovate crenate leaves. In former days medicinal and magical virtues were attributed to it. (OED Online).
‘Of herbs,... which expell diuells...[the physician of] the Emperour Augustus... approves of Betony to this purpose’ (R. Burton, Anat. Melancholy,‘betony’, 1628), source: LEME.
[Joseph Parkinson]
Occurrence: R.436
Comment: A type of grape native to southeastern and south-central United States regions, which is often turned into wine
‘strong wine as rich as Canary, Muskadine’ (Lazare Rivière, The Practice if Physic, ‘Muskedine’, (1655), source: LEME.
[Joseph Parkinson]
Occurrence: R.436
Comment: the act of removing something from an oven, in this case, a baking tray/dish
[Joseph Parkinson]
Occurrence: R.437
Comment: "Agrimony plant: any of various plants constituting the genus ‘Agrimonia’, comprising perennial herbaceous flowering plants native chiefly to termperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere; esp. (more fully common agrimony) A. eupatoria, with small, serrated pinnate leaves and spikes of yellow flowers; a medicinal preparation of this plant (obsolete)" (OED Online).
‘Agrimony nobly opens the liver and spleen’ (W. Salmon, Synopsis Medicinae, ‘Agrimony’, (1671), source: OED Online.
[Joseph Parkinson]
Occurrence: R.437
Comment: Plant with purple flowers used in traditional medicine to relieve symptoms of fevers, coughing and swelling (Source: medicinetraditions.com, https://www.medicinetraditions.com/scabiosa-scabious.html#).
‘A plant, It hath a flosculous flower, consisting of many unequal florets, contained in a common empalement ’, (S. Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language, ‘Scabios’, (1755), source: LEME.
[Joseph Parkinson]
Occurrence: R.437
Comment: "Fumitory", a plant of the genus Fumaria (OED Online) used to treat intestinal spasms and irritable bowel syndrome. Many spellings of this word have been identified, and so "famatary" in this text could easily be a butchering of "fumitory" (1500s).
‘A kinde of Herb, called in Spanish Palomilla’, (Edward Phillips, The New World of English Words, (1658), source: LEME.
[Joseph Parkinson]
Occurrence: R.437
Comment: A purple or red-flowering plant used in medicines for joint pain and wound healing.
‘A kind of little plant called in Latin Pimpinella’ (Edward Phillips, The New World of English Words, (1658), source: LEME.
[Joseph Parkinson]
Occurrence: R.437
Comment: Common scurvygrass, a cruciferous plant believed to posess anti-scorbutic proeprties (OED Online).
‘[horse and radish] A root acrid and biting: a species of scurvygrass’ (S. Johnson,A Dictionary of the English Language, ‘scurvygrass’, (1755), source: OED Online.
[Joseph Parkinson]
Occurrence: R.437
Comment: "Chiny Sarasaparilla" almost certainly refers to "chaney root sarsaparilla", a root found in Jamaica used as a tonic and to treat several health conditions
‘A plant of India, the roote whereof is often vsed in dyet drinkes, against the French, and other diseases’, John Bullokar, English Expositor,‘sarcaparilla’(1621), source: LEME.
[Joseph Parkinson]
Occurrence: R.437
Comment: A parisitic herb found on the stems of various other herbs and shrubs.
‘A weede that groweth winding about tyme like withwinde, and hath a flower like time. It is vsed as a gentle purger of melancholy’ (T. Cooper,Thesaurus Linguae Romanae et Britannicae, ‘Epithymum’, 1578), source: LEME.
[Joseph Parkinson]
Occurrence: R.437
Comment: An outdated and butchered spelling of the flower "lily". A similar spelling, ‘lilie’, is used by Henry Hexham in "A Copious English and Netherdrutch Dictionary Composed out of our Best English Authors" (1647), source: LEME
[Joseph Parkinson]
Occurrence: R.437
Comment: A unit of volume equivalent to roughly 3.5ml
[Joseph Parkinson]
Occurrence: R.437
Comment: A gelatinous substance obtainted from certain red seaweeds and used in biological culture media and as a thickener in foods.
‘The Agal-Agal is a sea plant; there are several species, all disolvable in water, by which it is reduced to a glutinous substance...’ (A. Dalrymple,Hist. Col. Voy. S. Pacific", ‘Agar’, (1769), source: OED Online.
[Joseph Parkinson]
Occurrence: R.437
Comment: Assumed to be a liquid due to the measurement associated with it, however no definition could be found for the word itself
[Joseph Parkinson]
Occurrence: R.437
Comment: Senna is a genus of plants in the legumes family, the leaves of which are used as a form of laxative and to make bowel medicines. Alexandrinan Senna is a variation of this plant with yellow flowers.
‘Senna Plant; a shrub of the genus Cassia, native in tropical regions, bearing yellow flowers and flat greenish pods. ’(R. Chester Loves Martyr, 84, Mugwort, Sena and Tithimailes [etc.] (1601), source: OED Online.
[Joseph Parkinson]
Occurrence: R.437
Comment: Appears to be a liquid due to the measurement associated with it, however no definition can be found for the term itself. May be a misspelling of "aley" in reference to ale or similar liquids, although there is no evidence to support this assumption other than the spelling of the word. As this is merely a list of ingredients and there are no instructions, this recipe could be unfinished.
[Joseph Parkinson]
2021-21: Emily Ross
Occurrence: R.358.
Definition: ‘The action of waiting or delaying; a delay. Esp. in without abode: without delay, immediately. Obsolete’ (OED: ‘abode’, n.1).
[Emily Ross]
Occurrence: R.359.
Definition: ‘In early use: a confectionary or medicinal preparation made from some part of a plant (as the flowers, leaves, roots, or fruit) preserved with sugar; (later) fruit preserved with sugar; (now esp.) jam, marmalade, or the like, typically retaining pieces of fruit (often with distinguishing word specifying the fruit). Frequently with of in early use’ (OED: ‘conserve’, n.2.a).
Example: ‘The Conserue of Red Roses comforteth the heart and liuer’, Via recta ad vitam longam, Tobias Venner (1620) (Source: EEBO).
[Emily Ross]
Occurrence: R.357, R.358, R.359, R.360, R.361, R362.
Definition: ‘Originally: abnormality or loss of humours, resulting in wasting (extreme weight loss) of the body; such wasting; (obsolete). Later: disease that causes wasting of the body, spec. tuberculosis’ (OED: ‘consumption’, n.2.a).
[Emily Ross]
Occurrence: R.359.
Comment: A definition could not be traced, but it is likely a powdery ingredient relating to the treatment of consumption.
[Emily Ross]
Occurence: R.357.
Definition: ‘Made of baked clay’ (OED: ‘earthen’, adj.3).
Example: ‘Stew them in a large Earthen Pipkin, or sauce-pan, stew the Rumps and Legs in the same strong Broath in another pipkin’, The Accomplish'd lady's delight in preserving, physick, beautifying, and cookery, Hannah Woolley (1670) (Source: EEBO).
[Emily Ross]
Occurrence: R.360.
Definition: ‘A group or set of twenty’ (OED: ‘score’, n.III.16.a.).
Example: ‘Take the Duck, and half-Roast it, put half a score Onions in the belly whole’, The Accomplish'd lady's delight in preserving, physick, beautifying, and cookery, Hannah Woolley (1670) (Source: EEBO).
[Emily Ross]
Occurrence: R.360.
Definition: ‘The stalk of a leaf, fruit, or flower; a petiole, peduncle, or pedicel. Also, the stem of the hop cone’ (OED: ‘strig’, n.1).
[Emily Ross]
Occurrence: R.357.
Definition: ‘The tall perennial European plant Verbena officinalis (family Verbenaceae), having toothed leaves and spikes of small mauve flowers, (formerly) sometimes regarded as having therapeutic or magical properties’ (OED: ‘vervain’, n.1.a).
[Emily Ross]
Occurrence: R.359.
Comment: A definition could not be traced, but it is likely a powdery ingredient relating to the treatment of consumption.
[Emily Ross]
Occurrence: R.362.
Definition: ‘The common name of the herb Achillea Millefolium (N.O. Compositæ), also called Milfoil and Nosebleed, frequent on roadsides, dry meadows, and waste ground, with tough greyish stem, finely-divided bipinnate leaves, and close flat clusters of flower-heads of a somewhat dull white, often varying to pink or crimson; sometimes used medicinally as a tonic. Also extended to other species of Achillea’ (OED: ‘yarrow’, n.1).
[Emily Ross]
2021-22: Abby Sammons
Occurence: R.345
Definition: ‘To deprive of an outer layer […] by drawing the edge of some instrument over the surface; to abrade, clean, or render smooth, or to obtain scrapings from, by this process.’ (OED: ‘scrape’, v.2.a)
[Abby Sammons]
Occurence: R.346
Definition: ‘The thick fleshy root-stock of a shrubby climbing plant […] and once supposed to possess great medicinal virtues.’ (OED: ‘china’, n.2.1.a)
Comment: 'Chiny' is the Early Modern English spelling for 'china'; the roots of the china plant.
[Abby Sammons]
Occurence: R.347
Definition: ‘To some extent, in some degree (as intermediate between very or very much and not at all); moderately, tolerably, fairly; esp. indifferently well, pretty well.’ (OED: ‘indifferently’, adv.5.a)
Comment: Now obsolete, but commonly used c.1600-1730 (Source: OED)
Example: ‘I am my selfe indifferent honest.’, The tragicall historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke, 2nd Quarto, William Shakespeare (1604) (Source: OED)
[Abby Sammons]
Occurence: R.347
Definition: ‘A bag for straining jelly through.’ (OED: ‘jelly-bag’, n.)
Example: ‘Let it run through a gelly bagge into a bason.’, Delightes for ladies, to adorne their persons, tables, closets, and distillatories, Hugh Platt (1600) (Source: OED)
[Abby Sammons]
Occurence: R.348
Definition: ‘A perennial composite plant […] with very large yellow radiate flowers and bitter aromatic leaves and root; formerly used as a tonic and stimulant.’ (OED: ‘elecampane’, n.1)
[Abby Sammons]
Occurence: R.349
Definition: ‘Of water: clean, pure; (of another liquid) clear, not cloudy. Formerly also of colour: bright, pure, not dull or muddy.’ (OED: ‘fair’, adj. and n.1.11.a)
[Abby Sammons]
Occurence: R.349
Definition: ‘One or other of certain small perennial plants belonging to the genus Rumex, characterized by a sour taste, and to some extent cultivated for culinary purposes.’ (OED: ‘sorell’, n.1.1.a)
[Abby Sammons]
Occurence: R.349
Definition: A type of plant ‘which has lobed, liver-shaped leaves, and was thought to be effective against liver disorders.’ (OED: ‘liverwort’, n.1)
[Abby Sammons]
Occurence: R.349
Definition: ‘A type of fern with hair-like stalks.’ (OED: ‘maidenhair’, n.1)
[Abby Sammons]
Occurence: R.349
Comment: A grey snail is a typical garden snail used in early modern English recipes. (OED: ‘grey snail’, n.)
Example: ‘Add an handful of grey snails, shells and all.’, Kentish Farrier, T. Trowell (1729) (Source: OED)
[Abby Sammons]
Occurence: R.349
Definition: ‘The husk of wheat, barley, oats, or other grain, separated from the flour after grinding; in technical use, the coarsest portion of the ground husk.’ (OED: ‘bran’, n.1.1.a)
Comment: A compound of ‘wheat’ and ‘bran’; bran is the outer layer of wheat.
[Abby Sammons]
Occurence: R.349
Definition: ‘To go without food. Also to go without drink.’ (OED: ‘fast’, v.2.2.a)
Comment: To take fasting means to take the medicine before eating or drinking anything. Fasting is still a commonly recommended before many medical tests today.
Example: ‘drink half a Pint in the Morning fasting’, The art of cookery, made plain and easy, Hannah Glasse (1747) (Source: OED)
[Abby Sammons]
Occurence: R.349
Definition: ‘Any of various docks (genus Rumex) having red stems, leaves, flowers, etc.’ (OED: ‘red dock’, n.)
Comment: A plant commonly used in Early Modern medicinal recipes and supposed to cleanse the liver. (Source: OED)
[Abby Sammons]
Occurence: R.346
Definition: ‘A joint of meat, esp. veal or ham, consisting of the knuckle joint with the parts immediately above and below it.’ (OED: ‘knuckle’, n.3)
Comment: The knuckle is a leg cut of veal.
[Abby Sammons]
Occurence: R.345, R.347, R.348, R.349.
Definition: ‘Abnormality or loss of humours, resulting in wasting (extreme weight loss) of the body; disease that causes wasting of the body.’ (OED: ‘consumption’, n.2.a)
Comment: To be in ‘a consumption’ meant to be infected by a disease that caused wasting of the body. ‘Consumption’ also specifically referred to the bacterial infection, tuberculosis.
Example: ‘The man is incurable for he is in a consumpcion’, Lesclarcissement de la Langue Francoyse, John Palsgrave (1530) (Source: LEME)
[Abby Sammons]
2021-23: Emma Saville
Occurence: R.344
Definition: ‘A shrub, Sarothamnus (or Cytisus) Scoparius (family Leguminosæ), bearing large handsome yellow papilionaceous flowers; abundant on sandy banks, pastures, and heaths in Britain, and diffused over Western Europe’ (OED: ‘broom’,n.1).
Comment: ‘Broom was used in ancient Anglo-Saxon medicine...It had a place in the London pharmacopoeia of 1618 and is included in the British pharmacopoeia of the present day’ (Maud Grieve, A Modern Herbal, Vol.I, Dover Publications, 1971, p.124).
[Emma Saville]
Occurence: R.342, R.344
Definition: ‘Formerly sometimes used in English as the name of Carduus benedictus or Blessed Thistle’ (OED: ‘carduus’, n.2).
Comment: ‘In large doses, Blessed Thistle acts as a strong emetic, producing vomiting with little pain and inconvenience. Cold infusions in smaller draughts are valuable in weak and debilitated conditions of the stomach, and as a tonic, creating appetite and preventing sickness...The plant was at one time supposed to possess very great virtues against fevers of all kinds’ (Margaret Grieve, A Modern Herbal, Vol.II, Dover Publications, 1971, p.796).
[Emma Saville]
Occurence: R.342
Definition: ‘The English name for plants of the genus Aquilegia, esp. the long-cultivated A.vulgaris, or common columbine’ (OED: ‘columbine’, n.1).
Comment: ‘The leaves of columbine are successfully used in lotions for sore mouths and throats...the seed taken in wine with a little saffron removes obstructions of the liver and is good for the yellow jaundice’ (Maud Grieve, A Modern Herbal, Vol.I, Dover Publications, 1971, p.214).
[Emma Saville]
Occurence: R.344
Definition: ‘A strongly scented perennial plant having pinnately cut leaves and daisy-like flowers with white ray and yellow disc.florets, Tanacetum parthenium, used medicinally for a variety of purposes including the treatment of fevers’ (OED: ‘feverfew’, n.1).
Comment: ‘A tincture made from Feverfew and applied locally immediately relieves the pain and swelling caused by bites of insects and vermin...Planted round dwellings, it is said to purify the atmosphere and ward off disease...An infusion of the flowers, made with boiling water and allowed to become cold, will allay any distressing sensitiveness to pain in a highly nervous subject’ (Maud Grieve, A Modern Herbal, Vol.I, Dover Publications, 1971, p.310).
[Emma Saville]
Occurence: R.342
Definition: ‘Any plant of the genus Lupinus;cultivated in the warmer distrits of Europe for the seed and for fodder.The species now common in flower-gardens are of American origins’ (OED: ‘lupin’, n.1).
Comment: ‘The bruised seeds of White Lupine, after soaking in water, are sometimes used as an external application to ulcers, etc., and internally are said to be anthelminitc, diuretic and emmenagogue’ (Margaret Grieve, A Modern Herbal, Vol.II, Dover Publications,1971, p.503).
[Emma Saville]
Occurence: R.344
Definition: ‘any of various similar plants of the family Asteraceae (Compositae), which occur as arable weeds’(OED: ‘mayweed’, n).
Comment: ‘In sick headache or convalescence after fever the extract may be used. A strong decoction can cause sweating and vomiting’(Margaret Grieve, A Modern Herbal, Vol.II, Dover Publications, 1971, p.523).
[Emma Saville]
Occurence: R.344
Definition: ‘One or other of certain small perennial plants belonging to the genus Rumex, characterized by a sour taste, and to some extent cultivated for culinary purposes’ (OED: ‘sorrell’, n.1.a).
Comment: ‘both the root and the seed were formerly esteemed for astringent properties...a syrup made with the juice of fumitory and sorrell had the reputation of curing the itch’(Margaret Grieve, A Modern Herbal, Vol.II, Dover Publications, 1971, p.754).
[Emma Saville]
Occurence: R.342
Definition: ‘Any of several species of the genus Curcuma...which are native to south Asia and have aromatic, tuberous rhizomes. Also: the rhizome of such a plant, used in cooking and (formerly) as a medicinal agent’(OED: ‘zedoary’, n.1).
Comment: ‘there was no known cure for the scourge, but the medical profession has many preventative measures that could be used...Pomanders should be hung around the neck...The pomander for the poor was made of rue, zedoary (tumeric), myrrh, 2 grains of camphor and 2 grains of laudanum put into a cloth bundle. The richer sort's pomander included citron pills, angelica seeds, zedoary, rose leaves, aloes, 5 grains of laudanum, and 5 drachms of gum dissolved in rose-water’. Notably, zedoary is not listed as an ingredient in the non-medical practitioner's recipe for plague water (Evelyn Lord, The Great Plague: A People's History, Yale University Press, 2014, p.7-8).
Example: ‘Medicaments against the Plague: Roots of Zedoary’, Thesaurus chirurgiae, A Treatise of the Plague, Paul Barbette (1666) (Source:EBBO).
[Emma Saville]
2021-24: Joseph Stoker
Occurrence: R.333
Definition: ‘A chronic, non-healing sore or ulcer, esp. one that extends into surrounding tissue.’ (Source: OED: ‘canker’, n.1).
Comment: This spelling could also refer to cancer, but unlikely given the context, i.e., it is referred to in the singular sense.
[Joseph Stoker]
Occurrence: R.333
Definition: ‘A specific constitutional disease occurring in paroxysms, usually hereditary and in male subjects; characterized by painful inflammation of the smaller joints, esp. that of the great toe.’ (Source: OED: ‘gout’, n.1).
Comment: A form of arthritis.
[Joseph Stoker]
Occurrence: R.333
Definition: ‘Pain in the hip; disease causing such pain. In later use: spec. the condition of having pain along the course of the sciatic nerve.’ (Source: OED: ‘sciatica’, n.1).
[Joseph Stoker]
Occurrence: R.333
Comment: Given the context, a likely misspelling of concotion due to the two words being similar phonetically. No search matches on EEBO or LEME.
[Joseph Stoker]
Occurrence: R.333
Definition: ‘An annual herbaceous plant, Cannabis sativa, a native of Western and central Asia, cultivated for its valuable fibre.’ (Source: OED: ‘hemp’, n.1).
Comment: In this occurrence the manuscript mistakenly labels bastard-agrimony as a hemp plant, likely because both of these are herbaceous plants. Further reason for conflation may be that there is another herbaceous plant called hemp-agrimony.
[Joseph Stoker]
Occurrence: R.333
Definition: ‘Aremonia agrimonoides, a herbaceous flowering plant in the rose family.’ (Source: Stace, Clive A.New Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press, 3rd ed., 2010, p.261.
[Joseph Stoker]
Occurrence: R.333
Definition: ‘A fever that recurs (by inclusive reckoning) every fourth day (i.e. at intervals of approximately seventy-two hours).’ (Source: OED: ‘quartan’, n.1).
Comment: In the context of the manuscript, refers to an ague (fever) of this characteristic.
[Joseph Stoker]
Occurrence: R.333
Definition: ‘An acute or high fever; disease, or a disease, characterized by such fever, esp. when recurring periodically, spec. malaria. Also: a malarial paroxysm, or (esp. in later use) the initial stage of such a paroxysm, marked by an intense feeling of cold and shivering.’ (Source: OED: ‘ague’, n.1).
Comment: The specific ague referred to in the manuscript is one which occurs every three days (‘quartan’).
[Joseph Stoker]
Occurrence: R.333
Definition: ‘Having, showing, or characteristic of the temperament formerly believed to result from a predominance of phlegm among the bodily humours; not easily excited to feeling or action; stolidly calm, self-possessed, imperturbable; (with pejorative connotation) sluggish, apathetic, lacking enthusiasm.’ (Source: OED: ‘phlegmatic’, n.2).
Comment: Phlegm is one of the four bodily humours in humoural theory, a physiological system of the human body taken from Ancient Greek thought. The other three humours which make up the system are blood, yellow bile, and black bile.
[Joseph Stoker]
Occurrence: R.333
Definition: ‘The plant Artemisia Absinthium, proverbial for its bitter taste. The leaves and tops are used in medicine as a tonic and vermifuge.’ (Source: OED: ‘wormwood’, n.1).
Comment: To further clarify, vermifuge is defined as a medicine ‘Causing or promoting the evacuation or expulsion of worms or other animal parasites from the intestines; anthelmintic.’(Source: OED: ‘vermifuge’, n.1)
[Joseph Stoker]
Occurrence: R.333
Definition: ‘The hottest part of the summer, associated in ancient times with the heliacal rising of the Dog Star in the Mediterranean area, and formerly considered to be the most unhealthy period of the year and a time of ill omen.’ (Source: OED: ‘dog day’, n.1).
Comment: The manuscript advises for the pertinent medicine to not be taken on these days since it makes the makes the ‘natural heat’ of the body rise. And so, a warning for the medicine's user in case of overheating.
[Joseph Stoker]
Occurrence: R.334
Definition: ‘A panther, a leopard; (also) an animal resembling these.’ (Source: OED: ‘pard’, n.1).
Comment: Derives from the Ancient Greek word ‘pardalotόs’, meaning spotted like a leopard. This therefore refers to 'spotted water' in the manuscript. The exact meaning and usage of this is ingredient is unclear due to neither LEME nor EEBO returning any results.
[Joseph Stoker]
Occurrence: R.334
Definition: ‘Any of the herbaceous plants of the genus Scabiosa, formerly believed to be efficacious for the cure of certain skin-diseases.’ (Source: OED: ‘scabious’, n.1).
[Joseph Stoker]
Occurrence: R.335
Definition: ‘Wine made from muscat or similar grapes.’ (Source: OED: ‘muscadine’, n.1).
[Joseph Stoker]
Occurrence: R.335
Definition: ‘A small (usually earthenware) pot or pan. Also: a drinking vessel; a bottle.’ (Source: OED: ‘pipkin’, n.1).
Comment: Most likely to be specifically the former definition, given the quantity of the ingredients mentioned in the manuscript. Also, the manuscript recipe directs to ‘cover’ the pipkin, denoting a pot or pan lid.
[Joseph Stoker]
2021-25: John Telford-Pearce
Occurence: R.410
Definition:‘The male or he-cat (formerly also boar-cat, ram-cat) is now colloquially called tomcat; formerly and still in northern English and Scottish gib-cat; the female or she-cat was formerly also doe-cat’ (OED: ‘cat’, n.1.1.b)
[John Telford-Pearce]
Occurence: R.410
Comment: Whilst no occurrence of this term could be located in specific reference to cats, it can be inferred that the author is referring to the male of the species. The term ‘buck’ is also applied to other mammals, such as ‘the male of the hare, [and] the rabbit (the female being called the doe,) ’ (OED: ‘buck’, n.1.1.c)
[John Telford-Pearce]
Occurence: R.410
Definition: ‘A morbid condition caused by obstruction of the bile, and characterised by yellowness of the conjunctiva, skin fluids, and tissues, and by constipation, loss of appetite, and weakness. Three varieties (yellow, black, and green) are recognized and distinguished according to the colour of the skin in each case. Yellow vision, often referred to as a characteristic of this state, though the source of much literary allusion, occurs only in rare instances.’ (OED: ‘jaundice’, n.1.a)
Example: ‘Convulsions, Apoplexies, & Epilepsies, if the obstruction be in the head, Jandise, if in the liver’, The Court of the Gentiles. Part II. Of Philosophie, Theophilus Gale (1670) (Source: EBBO)
[John Telford-Pearce]
Occurence: R.410
Definition: ‘A name given to severe paroxysmal gripping pains in the belly, due to various affections of the bowels or other parts; also to the affections of which such pains are the characteristic symptom.’ (OED: ‘colic’, n.a)
[John Telford-Pearce]
Occuerence: R.410
Definintion: ‘Forming names for the disease epilepsy’ (OED: ‘falling’, adj.c.1)
Example: ‘Nor do know, or believe there can be, any equal to it for the Cure of the Epilepsie, or Falling Sickness, and that not only in children’, An account of the causes of some particular distempers (1670) (Source: EBBO)
[John Telford-Pearce]
Occurence: R.410
Definition: ‘Deranged or disordered condition of the body or mind (formerly regarded as due to disordered state of the humours); ill health, illness, disease.’ (OED: ‘distemper’ n.1.3)
Example: ‘As befal the substance of the body, not considered as formed into any limb, organ, or part: and these are opposed to organical distempers, which are peculiar only to the organs, and particular limbs of the body’, A Physical Dictionary (1657) (Source: LEME)
[John Telford-Pearce]
Occurence: R.410
Definition: ‘Any endoparasitic helminth breeding in the living body of men and other animals. Usually plural. Also, the disease or disorder constituted by the presence of these parasites.’ (OED: ‘worm’ n.4)
Example: ‘small wormes that breed in bruised, surfeited, or foul fed Hawks; also nets to catch wild beasts with’, Glossographia or a Dictionary, Thomas Blount (1656) (Source: LEME)
[John Telford-Pearce]
Occurence: R.410
Definition: ‘As much as fills a spoon; such an amount as can be lifted in a spoon,’ (OED: ‘spoonful’, n.a)
[John Telford-Pearce]
Occurence: R.410
Definition: ‘An alcoholic liquor obtained by the fermentation of malt (or other saccharine substance), flavoured with hops or other aromatic bitters’, (OED: ‘beer’ n.1.a)
[John Telford-Pearce]
2021-26: Zoe Tempest
Occurrence: R.333.
Definition: ‘The bulbous-rooted sea-shore plant Scilla (or Urginea) maritima; the sea-onion; also, any other species of the genus Scilla’ (OED: ‘squill’, n.1).
Example: ‘Take of white Squills of the mountains, gathered about the rising of the Dog-star, and cut in thin pieces’, A physicall directory, or, A translation of the London dispensatory made by the Colledge of Physicians in London, Nich. Culpepper, Gent. (1649) (Source: EEBO).
[Zoe Tempest]
Occurrence: R.333.
Comment: No entry in the OED. Perhaps derived from the Latin words vino (wine) and multo (most). Given the Latin definitions and the context of the recipe, it is likely a wine or a mead.
[Zoe Tempest]
Occurrence: R.333.
Definition: ‘A familiar by-form and abbreviation of the name Roger; used as a typical name for the English agricultural labourer or rustic’ (OED: ‘hodge’, n.1).
Comment: In the context of this recipe, it specifies a certain type of wine.
[Zoe Tempest]
Occurrence: R.333.
Definition: ‘Any of the herbaceous plants of the genus Scabiosa (N.O. Dipsaceae), formerly believed to be efficacious for the cure of certain skin-diseases’ (OED: ‘scabious’, n.1).
[Zoe Tempest]
Occurrence: R.333.
Definition: ‘A weak acid which gives vinegar its characteristic taste and pungent smell, and in relatively pure form exists as a clear viscous liquid or glassy solid; also called ethanoic acid’ (OED: ‘acetic acid’, n.).
Comment: Aceto is Italian for vinegar.
[Zoe Tempest]
Occurrence: R.333.
Definition: ‘The dried leaflets of various species of Cassia, used as a cathartic and emetic’ (OED: ‘senna’, n.2).
[Zoe Tempest]
Occurrence: R.333.
Definiton: ‘Any of the yellow-flowered, often spiny shrubs constituting the genus Genista (family Fabaceae ( Leguminosæ)), native to Europe, western Asia, and North Africa; (in form Genista) the genus itself. In early use also: any of various related plants, esp. common broom, Cytisus scoparius,’ Species Plantarum Carl Linnaeus (1753).
[Zoe Tempest]
Occurrence: R.333.
Definition: ‘A genus of ferns, also known by its common name, hart’s-tongue: “The common name of the fern Scolopendrium vulgare; also extended to other species of the genus; rarely applied to some other polypodiaceous ferns, as Olfersia cervina and Polypodium Singaporianum’ (OED: ‘harts tongue’, n.).
[Zoe Tempest]
Occurrence: R.333.
Definition: A herb ‘A plant of the genus Fumaria (or the related Corydalis), usually F. officinalis’ (OED: ‘fumitory’, n.a.).
Example: ‘here amongst preparatives prevaile syrup of Fumitory, of succory with the decoction of hops;’, A physicall directory, or, A translation of the London dispensatory made by the Colledge of Physicians in London, Nich. Culpepper, Gent. (1649) (Source: EEBO).
[Zoe Tempest]
Occurence: R.333.
‘A common cruciferous weed, Capsella Bursapastoris, bearing pouch-like pods’ (OED: ‘shepard's purse’, n.1).
[Zoe Tempest]
Occurrence: R.333.
Definition: Refers to the schizanthus plant: ‘Any of various cultivated plants with flowers resembling or comparable with orchids; spec. any of various plants of the Chilean genus Schizanthus (family Solanaceae), with irregularly lobed showy flowers marked with one or more contrasting colours (also called butterfly flower)’ (OED: ‘schizanthus’, n.).
[Zoe Tempest]
Occurrence: R.333.
Definition: ‘Swiftness, quickness, agility’ (OED: ‘pernicity’, n.a).
Example: ‘and by the pernicity and continuation of this their ebullition, hinder them from mutual revinction and coalescence’, Physiologia Epicuro-Gassendo-Charltoniana, or, A fabrick of science natural, upon the hypothesis of atoms founded by Epicurus repaired [by] Petrus Gassendus, Walter Charleton, (1654) (Source: EEBO).
[Zoe Tempest]
Occurence: R.333.
Definition: ‘A deep furrow used for conducting drainage water from a field or other piece of ground, a water-furrow; (also) a furrow between ridges in a ploughed field’ (OED: ‘rean’, n.).
[Zoe Tempest}
Occurrence: R.333.
Definition: ‘Any of several kinds of celery or parsley; esp. wild celery, Apium graveolens, formerly used medicinally and to flavour food’ (OED: ‘smallage’, n.).
[Zoe Tempest]
Occurrence: R.333.
Comment: A variant spelling of asparagus.
[Zoe Tempest]
[Zoe Tempest]
Occurrence: R.333.
Definition ‘The plant Ononis spinosa (family Leguminosæ) also called Rest-harrow, and according to Cockayne, Cammock Whin. Some earlier writers identified it with Peucedanum, and ‘Petty Whin’; but it is not clear what plant or plants they meant” and also “[vaguely] applied dialectally to other plants, as St. John's Wort, Ragweed, Fleabane, Yarrow, etc’ (OED: ‘cammock’, n.1.2).
Example: ‘Decoction of the root of Cammock boyled in water and vinegar, to wash the mouth therein’, The ladies dispensatory, containing the natures, vertues, and qualities of all herbs, and simples usefull in physick. Reduced into a methodicall order, for their more ready use in any sicknesse, or other accident of the body, Leonard Sowerby (1651) (Source: EEBO).
[Zoe Tempest]
Occurrence: R.333.
Definition: ‘Chiefly in Filipino and Latin American cookery: a whole pig roasted on a spit, usually over coals; a dish or portion of this’ (OED: ‘lechon’, n.).
[Zoe Tempest]
Occurrence: R.333.
Definition: ‘The English name of Symphytum officinale (family Boraginaceæ), a tall plant, common on margins of streams and ditches, with rough leaves, and drooping clusters of yellowish-white or reddish-purple bell-shaped flowers; formerly esteemed as a vulnerary’ (OED: ‘comfrey’, n.1.a).
[Zoe Tempest]
2021-27: Olivia Wallace
Occurrence: R.432
Comment: The name given to a number of coniferous trees, of different genera. (Source: OED, ‘Fir’, n.1).
[Olivia Wallace]
Occurrence: R.432
Comment: The popular name of plants belonging to the genera Sanguisorba and Poterium (family Rosaceæ), of which the Great or Common Burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis) is common in meadows, and the Lesser or Salad Burnet (Poterium Sanguisorba) on the Chalk. (Source: OED, ‘Burnet’, n.1).
[Olivia Wallace]
Occurrence: R.432
Comment: Any of the plants constituting the genus Teucrium (family Lamiaceae ( Labiatae)), comprising aromatic shrubs and subshrubs native chiefly to Mediterranean regions, with tubular pink to purple flowers often with a prominent lower lip; esp. (more fully common or wall germander) T. chamaedrys, an evergreen shrub with bright pink flowers, formerly used medicinally and now commonly grown as an ornamental. (Source: OED, ‘Germander’, n.1).
[Olivia Wallace]
Occurrence: R.432
Comment: A species of Speedwell ( Veronica Beccabunga) common on the edges of ditches; also a kindred species known as Lesser Brooklime or Narrow-leaved Water Speedwell ( V. Anagallis). (Source: OED, ‘Brooklime’, n.1).
[Olivia Wallace]
Occurrence: R.432
Comment: In wider sense: Mingling, mixture, combination. Obsolete. (Source: OED, ‘Crasis’, n.1a).
[Olivia Wallace]
Occurrence: R.432
Comment: A cutting of a pink or carnation taken at the joint of a stem; the propagation of a pink, etc., by such a cutting. (Source: OED, ‘Piping’, n.7).
[Olivia Wallace]
Occurrence: R.432
Comment: A shrub, Sarothamnus (or Cytisus) Scoparius (family Leguminosæ), bearing large handsome yellow papilionaceous flowers; abundant on sandy banks, pastures, and heaths in Britain, and diffused over Western Europe. (Source: OED, ‘Broom’, n.1).
[Olivia Wallace]
Occurrence: R.432
Comment: Refers to the now rare aromatic wood of the tree Santalum album (family Santalaceae) (also white sanders wood); (in later use also) an essential oil extracted from this. (Source: OED, ‘White Sanders’, n.1).
[Olivia Wallace]
Occurrence: R.432
Comment: Assumed to be a fresh liquid due to its connotations, however there is no concrete evidence to support this claim.
[Olivia Wallace]
Occurrence: R.433
Comment: Assumed to mean to mix or shake due to its connotations, however there is no concrete evidence to support this claim.
[Olivia Wallace]
2021-28: Harvey Williams
Occurance: R.392,
Definition: ‘A large shallow vessel or tub, used in brewing, dyeing, etc.’ (OED:‘Beck’, n.1)
[Harvey Williams]
Occurance: R.392
Definition: ‘A kind of fine linen, resembling cambric,’ (OED:‘Lawn’, n.2)
[Harvey Williams]
Occurance: R.392
Definition: ‘A very fine and soft silk material made both plain and twilled, in various colours, now used chiefly for linings; a dress made of this’ (OED:‘Sarsenet’, n.3)
Example: ‘No wonder, for it was but one only rag of gentile sarsenet.’, The honest ghost, or, A voice from the vault, R.Braithwaite (1685)(Source: EEBO).
[Harvey Williams]
Occurance: R.393
Definition: ‘The fruit of the medlar, which resembles a small brown-skinned apple with a widely gaping apex and persistent calyx-lobes’ (OED:‘Medlar’, n.4)
[Harvey Williams]
Occurance: R.393
Definition: ‘Made clear, freed from impurity, refined, etc.’ (OED:‘Clarified’, n.5)
[Harvey Williams]
Occurance: R.394
Comment: Unable to find the exact meaning of the word although thought to have derived from the Latin 'Solor' meaning 'comfort'. The use of the word in the context suggests the word means 'comfortable'. (Source: OED, n.6)
[Harvey Williams]
Occurance: R.394
Definition: ‘A tall biennial plant, Smyrnium olusatrum, native to southern Europe.’ (OED:‘Alexanders’, n.7)
Comment: ‘Formely commonly cultivated for use as a herb or salad vegetable.’ (Source: OED)
[Harvey Williams
2021-29: Sophie Wilson
Unidentified
Possibly Anne Heslopp, wife of Thomas Heslopp, mercer of Barnard Castle; granted probate of his will in 1686 http://reed.dur.ac.uk/xtf/view?docId=ark/32150_s1f4752g74w.xml
Occurrence: R.434
Definition: ‘In ancient and medieval physiology and medicine: any of four fluids of the body (blood, phlegm, choler, and so-called melancholy or black bile) believed to determine, by their relative proportions and conditions, the state of health and the temperament of a person or animal.’ (OED: ‘humors’, n.1a).
[Sophie Wilson]
Occurrence: R.434
Definition: ‘A plant of the genus ‘Fumaria’’ (OED: ‘fumitory’, n.a).
Comment: The spelling in this manuscript is a variation of an obsolete spelling, being commonly spelled as ‘femetary’ in the 1500s (OED: ‘fumitory’, n.a). Fumitory is a herb derived from this plant, which is used as a mild laxative or diuretic and it stimulates the flow of bile (https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Fumaria)
[Sophie Wilson]
Definition: ‘Any of various plants constituting the genus ‘Agrimonia’ (family ‘Rosaceae’), comprising perennial herbaceous flowering plants native chiefly to temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere’ (OED: ‘agrimony’, n.1).
[Sophie Wilson]
Occurrence: R.434
Definition: ‘In the names of plants originating from or in some way connected with the ancient empire or City of Rome’ (OED: ‘Romish’, c.1).
Comment: Works with ‘woormmood’ to explain that the wormwood should be the sort originally from Rome.
[Sophie Wilson]
Occurence: R.434
Definition: ‘The plant…proverbial for its bitter taste. The leaves and tops are used in medicine as a tonic’ (OED: ‘wormwood’, n.1a).
Example: ‘Take Romish Wormood, or if you cannot get it, then take of the common.’The general practise of physicke conteyning all inward and outward parts of the body, with all the accidents and infirmities that are incident vnto them, euen from the crowne of the head to the sole of the foote: also by what meanes (with the help of God) they may be remedied: very meete and profitable, not only for all phisitions, chirurgions, apothecaries, and midwiues, but for all other estates whatsoeuer; the like whereof as yet in english hath not beene published. Compiled and written by the most famous and learned doctour Christopher VVirtzung, in the Germane tongue, and now translated into English, in diuers places corrected, and with many additions illustrated and augmented, by Iacob Mosan Germane, Doctor in the same facultie., C. Wirsung (1605) (Source:EEBO).
[Sophie Wilson]
Occurence: R.434
Definition: ‘A large and cosmopolitan genus of ferns of the family ‘Polypodiacaeae’’(OED: ‘polypodium’,n).
Example: ‘A kind of hearbe like Ferne, growning much about the roots of oakes’. An English Expositor Teaching the Interpretation of the Hardest Words Vsed in Our Language, J. Bullokar (1616) (Source: EEBO).
[Sophie Wilson]
Occurence: , R.434
Definition: ‘The wood of exogenous plants, comprising both‘alburnum’and‘duramen’’ (OED: ‘lignum’, n.1).
Example: ‘The stalks and chips of Lignum’ Alöes’ Tyrannick love; or, The royal martyr, J. Dryden (1670) (Source: OED)
Comment: This was typically used as part of a compound, appearing before a plant or tree name that qualifies what type of wood is being used.
[Sophie Wilson]
Occurence: R.434
Definition: ‘A genus of trees and shrubs...native to the West Indies and the warmer parts of America’ (OED: ‘guaiacum’, n.1), and particularly the drug made from the ‘resin obtained from the tree’ (OED: ‘guaiacum’, n.3).
[Sophie Wilson]
Occurence: R.434
Definition: ‘Any plant of the genus ‘Saxifraga’, esp. S. granulata (White Meadow ‘Saxifrage’). The numerous species are mostly dwarf herbs with tufted foliage and panicles of white, yellow or red flowers; many root in the clefts of rocks.’ (OED: ‘saxifrage’, n.1).
[Sophie Wilson]
Occurence: R.434
Definition: ‘Name of the tree and fruit of a genus of palms’ with the tree bearing ‘nuts of the size of a nutmeg’ (OED: ‘areca’, n.1).
Commentary: This is not a word in common use now, but the closest the OED has is ‘areca’.
[Sophie Wilson]
Occurence: R.434
Definition: ‘‘Air’ or gas in the stomach or intestine’ (OED: ‘wind’, n.1.10a).
[Sophie Wilson]
Occurence: R.435
Definition: ‘A species of Speedwell (‘Veronica Beccabunga’) common on the edges of ditches’ (OED: ‘brooklime’, n.).
Comment: Speedwell is part of the species of herbaceous plants that have leafy stems and small blue flowers.
[Sophie Wilson]
Occurence: R.435
Definition: ‘Any of the herbaceous plants of the genus Scabiosa…formerly believed to be efficacious for the cure of certain skin-diseases.’(OED: ‘scabious’, n.1a).
[Sophie Wilson]
2022-01: Samuel Campbell
Occurrence: R.486
Definition: ‘Any of various plants having red roots or foliage [...] used medicinally to staunch bleeding, such as shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), the red dock (Rumex sanguineus), burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis), and (in North America) the bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)’ (OED: ‘bloodwort’, n.1).
Example: ‘Bludwort herb, or that which stoppeth bloud’, Conrad Gesner, Abecedarium Anglico-Latinum (1552), (LEME)
Comment: While the definitions above cite bloodwort as a medicine for stopping bleeding, it is also used as an emmenagogue (a drug for stimulating menstrual bleeding). A modern appendix of herbs used by midwives in Guatemala states that bloodwort is used as an emmenagogue in the form of a tea (Sheila Corminsky, Midwives and Mothers: The Medicalization of Childbirth on a Guatemalan Plantation, New York, USA: University of Texas Press, 2021, p. 250).
[Sam Campbell]
Occurrence: R.483
Definition: Referring to the 'saphena' vein, ‘[t]he distinctive name of two veins in the leg: (1) the ‘long saphena’ or ‘internal saphena’, which extends from near the ankle-joint along the inner surface of the leg, and ends in the femoral vein; (2) the ‘short saphena’, ‘posterior saphena’, or ‘external saphena’, which extends from the foot along the calf of the leg, and finally joins the popliteal vein. Also ‘saphena vein’.’ (OED: ‘saphena’, n.)
Example: ‘If the sore or botch arise in the flancke, then open the vaine ‘Saphena’ in the inner side of the foote’ (Thomas Tayre, A Treatise of the Pestilence Wherein is Shewed all the Causes Thereof..., London, printed by E. Short, 1603, p. 47), (EEBO).
[Sam Campbell]
Occurrence: R.482
Comment: Most likely meaning ‘salad oil’ which, rather than referring to a dressing for a salad per se, refers specifically in this period to olive oil. It could be used for medicinal as well as culinary purposes.
Definition: ‘Olive oil of superior quality, such as is used in dressing salads.’ (OED: ‘salad oil’
Example: ‘Beat the yolk of an egge and some Sallet oyl [...] together with some Saffron and Spread it on Leather, lay it to the place affected.’ (Robert Pernell, Help for the Poor Collected for the Benefit of such as are Not Able to make use of Physitians and Chiurgians..., London, printed by J.L. for Philomen Stephens, 1650, p.33), (EEBO).
[Sam Campbell]
Occurrence: R.484
Definition: ‘Southernwood’ is a ‘hardy southern European shrub [...] Formerly cultivated for medicinal purposes, but now more usually grown as an ornamental’ (OED: ‘southernwood’, n.).
Example: ‘Southernwood grows in gardens, is under Mercury, and cures the Stone, Spleen, Vapours, French Pox, Baldness, sore Privities, Wheals, Ulcers, inflam’d Eyes, red Faces, Ague, Poyson, Ruptures, Sciatica, Convulsions’ (An English Herbal, London, 1690, p. 58), (EEBO).
[Sam Campbell]
Occurrence: R.484
Comment: No other use of this term could be found, however in the seventeenth century ‘treacle’ could refer to ‘a Medicine of a diverse composition invented against poysons’ (Thomas Willis, Dr Willlis's Practice of Physic (1684)), (LEME). Given this, ‘Treacle Joan’ might imply a medical concoction invented by a person named Joan, perhaps someone who is familiar to the author of this recipe.
[Sam Campbell]
2022-02: Meghan Capper
Occurence: R.439
Definition: ‘the common name of Primula veris, a well- known wild plant in pastures and grassy banks, blossoming in spring, with drooping umbels of fragrant yellow flowers’ (Source: OED, ‘cowslip’, n.1.a)
Example: To make Conserue of Cowslips, good against Melancholy. ‘Gather them in the heat of the day, & clip only the yellow flower, then take twise their weight in fine Sugar, and beate the flowers with one halfe of it, vntill till the pulp be very fine, and boile the other part to a Manus Chriusti height, and put the beaten flowers into the boiling Sugar, and let it boile with continuall stirring, vntill it grow something thick, coole it vntill it be but warme, and pot it’, A Daily Exercise for Ladies and Gentlewomen Whereby they may Learne and Practice the Whole Art of Making Pastes, Preserues, Marmalades, Conserues, Tartstuffes, Gellies, Breads, Sucket Candies, Cordiall Vvaters, Conceits in Sugar-Vvorkes of Seuerall Kindes. as also to Dry Lemonds, Orenges, Or Other Fruits., John Murrell, 1617. (Source: EEBO)
Comment: The cowslip is closely related to the primrose and the infusion of leaves was used as a cough remedy to relieve headaches (Source:Kowalchuck, Glossary, Preserving on Paper: Seventeenth-Century Englishwomen's Receipt books)
[Meghan Capper]
Occurence: R.439
Comment: No occurrence of this term from this period could be located anywhere other than this recipe book. Based on its location in the recipe where it is listed with ingredients that are all flowers, this seems to be a name of a plant or flower, most likely of local origin.
[Meghan Capper]
Occurence: R.439
Definition: No definition of the term can be found. Based on its occurrence within the context of the recipe and its use in the example found it is most likely either a fruit, vegetable or plant water.
Example: To heale Wounds without Plaister, Tent or Oyntment, except it be in the Head. ‘Stampe Fennell, Yarrow, Buglosse, and white Wine, and drinke it 2. or 3. times a day till you be well. Mixe Swines greace with Honey, Rye meale, and Wine, and boyle it and use it, but if it heale too fast, put in the juyce of Bryonie a little, or bruise Jsop and put in while the wound is raw is very good.’, The Surgions Directorie, for Young Practitioners, in Anatomie, Wounds, and Cures, Thomas Vicary, 1651. (Source: EEBO)
[Meghan Capper]
Occurence: R.440
Definition: The first term is in the original manuscript and is most likely a misspelling of receiver (as used in the modernised version) given the context of the terms usage in the recipe. Receiver is defined as ‘Chemistry. A container, usually of glass, for collecting and condensing the products of distillation’ (Source:OED, ‘Receiver’N.4c)
[Meghan Capper]
Occurence: R.440
Definition: ‘a very small pearl’ (Source: Edward Potter Glossary)
[Meghan Capper]
Occurence: R.440
Definition: ‘densly, thickly’ (Source:OED, ‘’grossly, adv.1) or ‘of grinding, pounding, etc.:Coarsely; opposed to finely’ (Source:OED, ‘grosly’, adv.4)
Example: ‘You must mix all these hearbs together, then bruise them in a stone morter grosly, then put them into a clean vessell of glasse or earth’, A Treatise Concerning the Plague and the Pox Discovering as Well the Meanes how to Preserve from the Danger of these Infectious ContagionsEdwards, 1652. (Source: EEBO)
[Meghan Capper]
Occurence: R.440
Definition: ‘a state of agitation in a liquid resembling that produced by boiling heat; rapid formation of bubbles’ (Source: OED, ‘Ebullition’, n.2)
Example: ‘Take one ounce of Gold, dissolve it in eight ounces of the Aqua Regis set down hereafter; then pour upon it a quart of common Water; and then pour upon it by little and little two or three quarts of a Lixivium made of common Water and Tartar, which will precipitate the Gold; Continue pouring till the Ebullition cease: then let it stand till you see all the Gold precipitated; then pour off the Water, and put on fresh. ’, Choice and Experimented Receipts in Physick and Chirurgery, Sir Kenelm Digby, 1675. (Source: EEBO)
Comment: Ebullition has also been used to refer to ‘the boiling of the blood or humours’, The Hidden Treasures of the Art of Physic , John Tanner, 1659. (Source LECCO)
[Meghan Capper]
Occurence: R.440
Definition: ‘Water saturated, or strongly impregnated, with salt; salt water’(Source: OED, ‘brine’, n.1)
Example: To Pickle Cornelians. ‘Gather the fairest and biggest Cornelians when they first begin to grow red, and after they have lain a while put them up in a Pot or Barrel, filling them up with brine’, The Compleat Servant-Maid; Or, the Young Maidens Tutor Directing them how they may Fit, and Qualifie Themselves for any of these Employments, Hannah Wooley, 1677. (Source: EEBO)
[Meghan Capper]
Occurence: R.440
Definition: ‘unfermented or partly fermented grape- juice, must; esp. must in which the fermentation has been prevented or arrested by fumigation with sulphur’(Source: OED, ‘stum’, n1.a), also defined as ‘the Flower of fermenting Wine, used by Vintners, when their Wine is down or flat, to make it Drink up and brisk; also when they Brew, to make their mixtures, (by putting them into a new Ferment) all of one Taste. Stumm'd Wines are very unwholesom, and may be discover'd, by a white Froth round the sides of the Glass’, A New Dictionary of the Terms Ancient and Modern of the Canting Crew B.E, 1699 (Source: LECCO)
Example: ‘There remains another kind of Cure, whereby small Wines almost corrupted, and growing vapid or smatchless, recover new vigor for a time, to wit, a portion of Rhenish Wine, or others, very fermentable, is laid up, and hindred from fermenting, from whence it is made a perpetual Must (commonly called Stum) if a little of this Liquor be poured into a Cask of stale Wine, and jogged together, it gives a fresh, and new Fermentation to the whole’ , Dr. Willis's Practice of Physick, Thomas Willis, 1684. (Source EEBO)
[Meghan Capper]
Occurence: R.440
Definition: Mispelling of cap– paper which is a type of filter paper (Source: ‘cap– paper’, n.2)
Example: ‘we put the whole Mixture in a Glass Funnel lin'd with Cap– paper, and letting the moisture drain through’, The Origine of Formes and Qualities, Robert Boyle 1666 (Source: EEBO)
[Meghan Capper]
2022-03: Caitlin Fish
OccurenceR.440
Definition: ‘One or other of various native or artifical sulphates of metals used in the arts or medicine, esp. sulphate of iron.’ (OED: ‘vitriol’, n.1).
Example: ‘having that notable power and faculty from vitrioll’, Spadacrene Anglica..., Deane, Edmund (1654) (Source: EEBO).
[Caitlin Fish]
OccurenceR.441
Definition: ‘A morbid condition characterized by the accumulation of watery fluid in the serous cavities or the connective tissue of the body.’ (OED: ‘dropsy’, n.A.1a.
Example: ‘Another specifick Cure wrought by this Pill is of the Dropsie, whose symptomes are so obvious to every Eye, that they need no description.’, An Account of the Original, Nature, Prepartion, Vertues, and use of the Vatican Pill..., B., J (1700) (Source: EEBO).
[Caitlin Fish]
OccurenceR.441
Definition: ‘A particular instance of such behaviour; a gluttonous act; an excessive indulgence in food or drink, esp. one leading to discomfort or illness.’ (OED: ‘surfeit’, n.1b.
Example: ‘You have taken a surfeit with eating too much.’, The Great Eater of Grayes-Inne..., Fidge, George (1652) (Source: EEBO).
[Caitlin Fish]
OccurenceR.441
Definition: ‘A disease of the urinary organs characterized by slow and painful emission of urine; also the condition of slow and painful urination.’ (OED: ‘strangury’, n.1
Example: ‘bringing on the strangury or stoppage of Urine, which continued day and night.’, The History of Scarbrough-Spaw, Simpson, William (1679) (Source: EEBO).
[Caitlin Fish]
OccurenceR.441
Definition: ‘A mixed metal of yellow colour, either identical with, or closely resembling, brass; often hammered into thin sheets.’ (OED: ‘latten’, n.1
Example: ‘But if you are willing to boyl your Cider, your Vessel ought to be of Latten, which may be made large enough to boyl.’, Vinetum Britannicum.; Treatise of cider and such other wines and drinks that are extracted from all manner of fruits., Worlidge, John (1676) (Source: EEBO).
[Caitlin Fish]
2022-04: Ella Fothergill
Occurence: R.459.
Definition: ‘Laxity of the bowels; diarrhoea’ (OED: ‘looseness’, n.).
Example: ‘Loosness of the belly’, A Physical Dictionary, John Garfield (1657) (Source: EEBO).
[Ella Fothergill]
Occurence: R.461.
Definition: ‘A plant of the family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) formerly gathered and sometimes cultivated for its pungent leaves and root’ (OED: ‘pepperwort’, n.).
[Ella Fothergill]
Occurence: R.463.
Comment: ‘Mistress Osburns’ is one of at least thirty-one other names which appear throughout the Jane Loraine recipe book. Her name provides evidence of the manuscript's shared authorship, which was very typical for recipe books of this period. More infomation on this can be found in the Gynocentric Networks section of the General Introduction.
[Ella Fothergill]
Occurence: R.463.
Definition: ‘An erect herbaceous plant’ (OED: ‘tansy’, n.).
Comment: The ‘Juce of tansey’ could be made by grinding the plant in a mortar and was ‘formerly much used in medicine as a stomachic’ (OED: ‘tansy’, n.).
[Ella Fothergill]
Occurence: R.464.
Comment: The use of animal waste products (faeces and urine) was common in various medical treatments during this period.
Example: Take ‘Pidgeons dung, warmed with swines fat, or Hens dung, and turpentine mixed very warm, applyed warm twice a day like to a poultis’, The meanes of preventing, and preserving from, and curing of the most contagious disease, M. R (1665) (Source: EEBO).
[Ella Fothergill]
Occurence: R.465.
Comment: ‘Curill’ appears to be an alternative or mispelling of coral. Coral was formerly ground down in a mortar to make a form of paste or powder and it can be found as an ingredient in many early-modern recipe books.
Example: Take ‘halfe a drame of Red-rose leaues and as much as red currall and ... make all these into an Oyntement in a Morter of lead or stone’, A Rich Store-House or Treasury for the Diseased, A. T (1596) (Source: EEBO).
[Ella Fothergill]
Occurence: R.465.
Definition: ‘A hard, translucent fossilised resin, typically yellow’ (OED: ‘amber’, n.2).
Comment: Amber was used in traditional medicine and was often ground down in a mortar to make a form of paste or powder.
Example: ‘The white Amber, that is, the lightest yellow, must be beaten and ground with a Pestle into a subtil powder’, The Family-Physician and the House Apothecary, Gideon Harvey (1678) (Source: EEBO).
[Ella Fothergill]
Occurence: R.465.
Comment: Based on the context of the recipe, ‘scurpel’ appears to be an alternative or mispelling of ‘scruple’. See the note on ‘scruple’.
Example: ‘drink one scurpell [of oyle]’, The True and Perfect order to Distill Oyles, Anonymous (1575) (Source: EEBO).
[Ella Fothergill]
Occurence: R.466.
Comment: In the manuscript, two seperate inks appear on the word ‘pipocris’, with a fainter ink overwriting the ink below. The initial 'P' can also be read as a 'H' and the letter 'R' can also be read as an 'L'. Based on the context of the recipe, the word appears to be an alternative or mispelling of the word ‘hippocras’. See the note on ‘hippocras’.
[Ella Fothergill]
2022-05: Eliza Gosnall
Occurence:R.444
Definition: ‘Originally: a polypody (also polypodium fern). Later also (in form Polypodium): a large and cosmopolitan genus of ferns of the family Polypodiaceae.’ (OED: ‘polypodium’,n.1)
[Eliza Gosnall]
Occurence:R.444
Definition:misspelling of sunder ‘To separate (two or more people or things) from one another; to separate, split off, or remove (one person or thing) from someone or something..’ (OED: ‘sunder’,n.1)
[Eliza Gosnall]
Occurence:R.444
Definition: ‘sometimes used vaguely for a morbid swelling or tumour of any kind. Common from 16th to 18th centuries’ (OED: ‘tympany’,n.1)
Comment: this is similar to the symptoms of Dropsy, modern day Edema, as it causes intense swelling.
[Eliza Gosnall]
Occurence:R.444
Definition: ‘ale or beer in which wormwood is infused.’ (OED: ‘wormwood-ale’, C1, n.7)
Comment: According to the OED Wormwood has been ‘used in medicine as a tonic’(OED: ‘wormwood’,n.1)
[Eliza Gosnall]
Occurence:R.444
Definition: misspelling of calamus aromaticus ‘some eastern aromatic plant or plants (supposed by some to be Andropogon Schoenanthus, the Sweet-scented Lemon Grass of Malabar); (b) applied by some English herbalists to the native Sweet Flag or Sweet Rush’ (OED: ‘calamus’,n.2)
[Eliza Gosnall]
Occurence:R.444
Definition: misspelling of damewort‘A book name for the garden rocket’ (OED: ‘damewort’,n.1)
[Eliza Gosnall]
Occurence:R.444
Definition: ‘The flower of a plant of the genus Iris (esp. I. pseudacorus); the plant itself.’ (OED: ‘flower de luce’,n.1)
[Eliza Gosnall]
Occurence:R.444
Definition: misspelling of germander ‘Any of the plants constituting the genus Teucrium (family Lamiaceae ( Labiatae)), comprising aromatic shrubs and subshrubs native chiefly to Mediterranean regions, with tubular pink to purple flowers often with a prominent lower lip’ (OED: ‘germander’,n.1)
[Eliza Gosnall]
Occurence:R.444
Definition: no results found, possibly a misspelling of the flower lily.
[Eliza Gosnall]
Occurence:R.444
Definition: ‘The Dead-nettle; also the Hemp-nettle and Hedge Nettle or Wood Woundwort.’ (OED: ‘blind nettle’,n.1)
[Eliza Gosnall]
Occurence:R.444
Definition: misspelling of centaury ‘a woody herb growing plentifully in England, used as somewhat of a cure-all, especially in healing “green wounds”’ (Kowalchuck: ‘centaury’,p.322)
[Eliza Gosnall]
Occurence:R.444
Definition: misspelling of centaury ‘A sweet liquid produced by steeping ground malt or other grain in hot water, which is then fermented to produce beer and distilled malt liquors; unfermented beer. Also in plural in same sense.’ (OED: ‘wort’,n.2)
Comment: This is the definition for 'wort' as a sweet liquid leading to the conclusion that sugar and wort will be a mixture of the two ingredients
[Eliza Gosnall]
Occurence:R.444
Definition: ‘One or other of the species of Sonchus; a plant belonging to this genus, esp. S. oleraceus and S. asper, common European weeds characterized by their sharply-toothed thistle-like leaves and milky juice.’ (OED: ‘sow-thistle’,n.1)
[Eliza Gosnall]
Occurence:R.444
Definition: ‘Gentiana lutea, and other species of gentian.’ (OED: ‘felwort’,n.1)
Comment: The OED goes on to define Gentiana lutea as ‘a tall, yellow-flowered herbaceous perennial native to Europe and western Asia, having roots which are used medicinally and as a flavouring for alcoholic drinks’
[Eliza Gosnall]
2022-06: Dempsey Priday
Occurence:R.447
Definiton:‘A bright red gum or resin, an exudation upon the fruit of a palm, Calamus Draco. Formerly applied also to the inspissated juice of the dragon-tree.’ (OED: ‘dragon's blood powder’, N.447)
Explanation: Dragon's blood is most commonly used for digestive health and could have been useful in easing cramps a woman experienced in child birth.
Comment: There is no official defined term for powdered dragon's blood and it can be assumed to be the normal dragon's blood resin powdered either by a merchant or the person who is making the recipe.
[Dempsey Priday]
Occurence:R.447
Defintion: Saffron spirit ‘is distilled from the best sort of Wine and Saffron,’,The virtues and uses of the cordial spirit of saffron, R. Everingham (1800)(Source: EEBO) (N.447)
Example: ‘For Womens Terms, and Women in Child-bed, it is a Noble Cordial, it is likewise a great Enemy to Barenness, and highly provoketh Venery.’The virtues and uses of the cordial spirit of saffron, R. Everingham (1800) (Source: EEBO)
[Dempsey Priday]
Definiton:‘An intense spasm of pain experienced during labour; a uterine contraction; (also, in plural) the pain and effort of labour or childbirth.’ (OED: ‘throws’, N.448. N.449. N.450)
Comment: The quickening of throws or modernised into throes, can be seen to represent an attempt to speed up a woman's contractions.
[Dempsey Priday]
Definiton:‘A hard, translucent fossilized resin, typically yellow, orange, or brown in colour, used for jewelery and ornaments since ancient times and also in perfumery and traditional medicine’ (OED: ‘powder of amber | amber powder’, N.449 N.451)
Comment: There is no offical defined term for powdered amber and it can be assumed to be the normal amber esin powdered either by a merchant or the person who is making the recipe.
Explanation: One of amber's main properties is pain relief, which would have been useful for women giving birth.
[Dempsey Priday]
Occurence:R.450
Comment: Appears to be 'husband's water' and no definition can be found.
[Dempsey Priday]
Occurence:R.451
Definiton:‘A strong sweet wine from Greece, the Canaries, Madeira, and other Mediterranean regions ’Preserving on Paper,K. Kowlchuck (2017) (Source: JSTOR)
[Dempsey Priday]
Occurence:R.452
Definiton:‘while this cloth is commonly known as a thin silk, the term was also formerly used to refer to gauze or muslin lawn’ Preserving on Paper,K. Kowlchuck (2017) (Source: JSTOR)
Explanation:‘It is likely this latter cloth that was used for straining.’ Preserving on Paper,K. Kowlchuck (2017) (Source: JSTOR)
[Dempsey Priday]
Occurence:R.453
Defintion‘A medicine injected into the rectum, to empty or cleanse the bowels, to afford nutrition, etc.; an injection, enema; sometimes, a suppository’(OED: ‘Glister’, N.453)
Explanation: It can help 'purge' the woman's belly and in turn would help with a woman delivering a child.(LEME)
[Dempsey Priday]
2022-07: Anna Taylor
Occurrence: R.478
Definition: ‘The young shoots, leaves, or (rarely) other parts of Juniperus sabina used, fresh or dried, as a medicinal ingredient… especially to induce termination of pregnancy or to produce counterirritation.’ (OED: ‘savin’, n.2).
[Anna Taylor]
Occurrence: R.482
Definition: ‘The tall perennial European plant Verbena officinalis (family Verbenaceae), having toothed leaves and spikes of small mauve flowers, (formerly) sometimes regarded as having therapeutic or magical properties.’ (OED: ‘Vervain’, n.1).
[Anna Taylor]
Occurrence: R.482
Definition: ‘An artemisia of Central and Eastern Europe, Artemisia pontica, formerly used medicinally.’ (OED: ‘Roman’c.3.b
Comment: Roman wormwood is a sub-species of artemisia, otherwise known as wormwood (OED: ‘Wormwood’n.1.b). Early English texts describe the two as related but distinct.
Example: ‘Where Roman wormwood is not to be had, use common wormwood, but in less quantity.’An Account of the Original, Nature, Preparation, Vertues and use of the Vatican Pill, J.B (1700) (Source: EEBO).
[Anna Taylor]
Occurrence: 477479
Definition: ‘Either of two European plants of the gentian family ( Gentianaceae), Centaurium erythraea (more fully common centaury)… and yellow-wort, Blackstonia perfoliata (in full yellow centaury).’ (OED: ‘Centaury’n.1.a
Comment: Because ‘yellow centaury’ (yallow sentry) is also referred to in recipes written by the same hand, it is likely that ‘sentry’ without a distinguishing word refers to the former variety, Centaurium erythraea.
2022-08: Eleanor Winchester
Occurence: R.467
Definition: ‘A type of wine produced in Alicante in eastern Spain ’ (OED: ‘alicant’,n.1).
[Eleanor Jayne Winchester]
Occurence: R.467
Definition: ‘A slice or piece of bread browned at the fire: put in wine, water, or other beverage.’ (OED:‘toast’, n.1, 1.a).
Comment: The entire phrase 'lay alligant tosts to your nauill' instructs the reader of the manuscript to submerge toast in 'alligant' (see 'alligant' note) and then lay the 'tosts' on the woman's 'nauill.'
Example: ‘This drink.. must be attended with a brown tost. ’A fourth volume of Familiar Letters, J. Howell (1655) (Source: OED)
[Eleanor Jayne Winchester]
Occurence: R.468
Definition: ‘a bandage coated in a salve, used as a winding sheet or a medicinal plaster ’ Preserving on Paper, K.Kowalchuck (2017) ‘searcloth.’
[Eleanor Jayne Winchester]
Occurence:R.468
Comment: The inclusion of Doc rump's name suggests that he created the recipe. In her analysis of female-authored early modern manuscripts, Leong discusses how writers 'likely interacted with medical practicioners.'Herbals she peruseth: reading medicine in early modern England, E. Leong (2014). This implies that the writer of the folio liased with Doc rump.
[Eleanor Jayne Winchester]
Occurence:R.470
Definition: ‘A plant. The flower of the pumpion consists of one leaf, which is bell shaped, expanded at the top and cut into several segments ’,A Dictionary of the English Language, S. Johnson (1755) (Source: LEME).
Comment: The writer of this recipe and Johnson are referring to pumpkins.
[Eleanor Jayne Winchester]
Occurence:R.471
Commment: This shows that Mistress Fenwicks wrote or created the recipe. She may have done both.
[Eleanor Jayne Winchester]
Occurence: R.471
Definition: ‘a waxy turpenoid from an evergreen native to Asia, as well as a few related plants. Used medicinally to reduce itching’Preserving on Paper, K. Kowalchuck (2017).
[Eleanor Jayne Winchester]
Occurence: R.471
Definition: ‘a sharp-flavoured, pointed berry; more than four hundred species exist and some are native to England. Used in jams, jellies, and sauces, as well as decoratively in meat dishes ’ Preserving on Paper, K.Kowalchuck (2017)
[Eleanor Jayne Winchester]
Occurence:R.472
Comment: It is possible that this recipe is using the word 'whitse' to refer to tuberculosis, which has been historically labelled as 'The White Plague.' Tuberculosis: Why The White Plague, A. B Weisse (1995). Michael Stolberg informs us that Jean Fernel described tuberculosis in the 16th century in Universa medicina (pp.297-300). Experiencing Illness and The Sick Body in Early Modern Europe, M. Stolberg (2011). This means that the disease was already spreading before the production of the manuscript.
[Eleanor Jayne Winchester]
Occurence: R.472
Definition: ‘The essential property of water’(OED:‘aqueity’, n).
[Eleanor Jayne Winchester]
Occurence: R.472
Definition: ‘an intoxicating drink made from sugar cane’ (OED:‘locus’, n.2, 1. Locus ale).
[Eleanor Jayne Winchester]
Occurence: R.472
Definition: ‘An inferior kind of cinnamon’ (OED: ‘Cassia’, n.1, a).
[Eleanor Jayne Winchester]
Occurence: R.473
Definition: ‘A receptacle usually of metal, for holding the condiments at a meal; a dish or deep plate in which salt or sauces were placed upon the table.’(OED:‘saucer’, n.1).
Comment: The entire instruction 'beat a peas of lead out like a saser' tells the reader to make a lead 'saser' to combine the recipe ingredients in.
[Eleanor Jayne Winchester]
Occurence: R.474
Definition: ‘Herb with downy leaves native to England; used to treat coughs. ’Preserving on Paper, K. Kowalchuck (2017).
Comment: Hore hound was not only used to treat coughs. There is evidence of 'common horehound' being used as an ingredient in Pharmocopoeia londinesis (Nicholas Culpepper, 1655 edition, pp.30), which sought to cause menstruation. As cited in Aphrodisiacs, Fertility and Menstruation, J. Evans (2014). In the manuscript recipe, 'hore hound' is used to remove the afterbirth from a woman's body.
[Eleanor Jayne Winchester]
| To make clotted cream | page 1 |
| To make a sack82 posit70 | page 3 |
| To make almond cream | page 4 |
| To make cheesecake | page 7 |
| To make whipped posit70 | page 8 |
| To preserve quinces75 | page 15 |
| _araway cake Mrs thorntons | page 18 |
| To make macaroons | page 31 |
| Little currant cakes | page 34 |
| To make paste | page 34 |
| Surfit water water | page 40 |
| Syrup of turnips | page 47 |
| Surfit water | page 48 |
| The virtues of the snail water | page 55 |
| Burning perfumes | page 56 |
| Pomatum68 | page 57 |
| Paste for the hands | page 58 |
| Wax forehead cloth | page 60 |
| Gaskins39 powder | page 60 |
| For an aspnell | page 66 |
| Snail water for convulsions | 69 |
| An excellent diet drink | page 72 |
| For cleaning the blood | page 73 |
| For a speedy deliverance | page 74 |
| For the scurvy | page 78 |
| A glister42 | page 80 |
| For the falling sickness | page 85 |
| Universal plaster | page |
| For the seatage | page 86 |
| For wind | page 8_ |
| Elixir propritatus and gooseberry wine | page 8_ |
| A safe vomit | page 8_ |
| For a loosener | page 90 |
| The dark ale | page 92 |
| For a stitch | page 54 |
| For an aspnell | page 54 |
| Pickled mushroom[?] | page 9 |
Take a quart74 of thick almond milk season it with salt sugar rosewater81
let it seeth in a skillet and when it is ready seethed88 cover it with
wafers then take it off the fire that you may lay them on strew97 a
little sugar on it and its done
Take of your best milk9 and some strokings98 amongst it and set it
over the fire and boil it and when it is boiled take it from the fire
and stir it a while then put it in your bowls scour off the froth
from it and let it stand till next day so you may dish it up
Boil some cream have some almonds finely beaten boil them in
the cream with a blade of maize54 season it with sugar strain96 it
serve it up
Take a quart74 and a gill40 of cream it boil to less than a quart74 then a qua_
ter of a pound of almonds blanch the better half of them and beat
them very fine with rosewater81 then take the whites of 5 eggs and
beat them very well and strain96 the eggs and almonds together a_
a little salt let it be half cold then put it in the dish that you
serve it up in blanch the rest of your almonds pricked73 in your
cream
Take a quarter of a pound of garden almonds laid in cold water
till they be blanched then beat them in a stone mortar with a little
rosewater81 strain96 them with a quart74 of thick sweet cream season
it with fine sugar then put it into a clean skillet and set it on
the fire stirring till it boils a little then pour it out and
set it cold
Jane Loraine49
Boil your cream and when it is boiled put in as much [...] sack82 as will
twin it then cooling and housing in a fine lining cloth
next day season it with sugar serve it up
Take berley being well washed boil it in 3 or 4 waters till it hath
left collering[?], at the last boiling in water let it be covered: that
it may swell as when it is for fromity37: then take some cream &
as much of this berley as will thicken it boil it well then have
20 blanched almonds finely beaten put them [...] season it well with
sugar serve it up
Take an ale pint2 of cream boil it with mace54 and cinnamon
have the yolks of 6 eggs beaten. Put them in the cream; and when
your cream is pretty thick; take it off the fire stir in it 2 ounces of
quince75 slice it and lay it in the bottom of your dish so put forth your
cream you may stick it with citren or rir[?]
Take almonds blanch them in cool water beat them very fine put
now and then a spoonful of rose water81 steep in your rose water81 +
a grain43 of musk58 this being done take the whites of six eggs beat them
till they be very thin your cream being boiled with only mace54 put
in your almonds and, when they are well mingled, put in your eggs; they
must not boil but simper so take them off: you must take half
a pound of almonds you must take of eggs 6 pints whites to an ale
pint2 of cream. You may stick this with gilded almonds only in
the tops and so sweeten it to your taste
Take a quart74 of brandy wine & half a pound of loaf-sugar53
beat it; 4 ounces of caraway seeds18 put them into a glass bottle set
them so near the fire that the bottle may be warm for 14 days
then strain96 it through a fine cloth; then take as much scuchan[?]
call[?] as will colour it deep it must be brused[?] small
Take a quart74 of cream and boil it up: that have 4 whites of
eggs well beaten: with 3 spoonfuls of rose water81; when the cream
is boiled take it off the fire: when it is a little cool stir
in your eggs: so serve it up
Take a quart74 of cream and rosewater81 a spoonful as much sugar
as will sweeten it to your taste serve it up
Take thirty quarts74 of new milk from the cow put it into a kettle
set it over a very quick fire with faggots33 [...] and take 3
dozen of earthen pans clean washed 2 pound of double refined[?]
sugar30 beaten to powder a little rose water81 or orange-flower
water62 or sack82 which you think best put it in a vial glass cover
it with leather prick holes in your leather where the water is to
come into let all these be in readiness[?] take the milk off the fire fill
each pane almost full let it stand till you see a come ont[?] take a plate
put in into the pan with the bottom upwards strew97 upon the plate bottom a
little sugar then take off the scum84 one after another with a great
care you break it not lay it the plate what form you will the[?]
form of a cabbage is best between every boiling strew97 some sugar sprinkle
a drop or two of rose water81 if you put too much it will be spoiled[?]
so cover your kettle when the milk is out after every boiling
when you have taken the scum84 off the milk put it into the kettle
again wash your pans thus you may do 3 or four times or more[?]
out of the four boilings you may have 2 good dishes in every boiling
you must put in as much salt as you can hold in the top of
your finger the milk that is left will serve for ordinary uses if
there be any froth in the milk before it boil scum84 it off with a
spoon as soon as you have taken up the milk to put into the pans
have another empty pan blow off the milk into it in doing so
the scum84 will settle whole without breaking as the milk begins to boil
you must take it off the fire the pans must be filled one after another
quickly so serve it up
Take new milk from the cow five galons send it over the fire when
is scalding hot take it off the fire and put it into many several
pans of ton quarts74 of grease and when the milk is cold take off the
cream with a seimer96 with holes but before take a round manshet55
well shaped lay in the bottom of your fist and lay the cream upon the
loaf then take another loaf clean from the milk and so another
and lay them one upon and the take a little rosewater81 with a feather
and wash over the cream and straw on a little fine sugar and
so seime96 clean from the milk the cream and lay it one upon another
but be sure you wash it lightly every four or five rows and
sieve on sugar and when you have seimed96 all the pans scald all
your milk over again and put it out into your pans and when is
is thick enough and cold then take it off as you did before and lay
one upon another and use a little rosewater81 and lay it in rows
like cabish16 the scold the milk again adding some cream to make the
layers thicker and do as before the milk will sarve89 but three times
then have more new and do as much as you will make your cabbish16
as big as you please when you have you have lay all you cream
like a cabish16 stick in a fine branch of sweet bryer100 remember
to put out the milk hot enough that it may churn23 more
Take half a pound of ringo routes32 and minch57 them very small
the⟨n⟩ take an ayle pint2 of cream and put them in over the
fire and boil it with a piece of isinglasse48 to thicken it
boil a little of it and if it be stiff enough stirred in
a little oringe flowre water62 and so put it forth and put
it where it must not be stirred till next day if you may stick
in them spistakes93 and gold the top of them
Take a roll of napels biskake60 cut it in fine small pieces and
take an ayle pint2 of cream boil in your cream after carraway
seades18
tie in a piece of tyffany104 and a little mace54 then take
in eggs the yolks only ⟨being⟩ well beaten and thicken your creams and
stir in 2 spoonfuls of saike82 and 3 of rose water81 and when
you take it from the fire put in your biscuit so put it forth
and let it stand where it may not be stirred till next day
sweeten it to your liking
Take sweet cream and a little of flour finely sieved, a whole
stick of cinnamon95 sugar and rose water81 let all those boil
till they be something thick then put into it the yolks of egg
and beat them well with a little the same milk then let
it seethe a little while for fear of curdling then putting it in
dishes letting it stand till it be cold and so serve it up
Take almost a pint of good white wine put it into a pot n⟨tk⟩
some s⟨u⟩gar and a nutmeg quarter it some rosemary and lemon
pill65 pricked73 full of holes a knife let it stand four hours
then take a quart74 of cream and a quart74 of milk, milk it to
the wine with a wooden cone pretty warm and let it stand
eight hours but before you put in the milk take out the nutmeg
and rosemary and lemon pill65
Take a quart74 of cream 12 yolks and whites of eggs beating
the eggs a long time put to them as much saik82 as milk
make it strong as much sugar as will sweeten them
to you after stir them very well together, strain96 them
in a basin while hot cools continually stirring them
when they begin to be something hot, get your cream on
the fire let you saik82 and eggs be so hot you cannot
endure your finger in it when the cream ryseth80 pour
it into the eggs stirring them while the cream is
pouring, pour it high to make it froth clap a plate
over them and let them stand over the coals awhile
Take a pint of white wine and a pint of mornings cream and a quart74
of a pound of sugar put them in a basin and stir them well together
till it come to a froth then pour it into a syllabub101 pot and milk
sufficient quantity of milk upon it and let it stand in a cool room a
night or more sour it and it will be better then you may eat it
Take three pints of sweet cream 12 eggs beat six whites very well
put the cream and eggs into a basin you will send it up in and put in
a pint and a half of sack82 and half a pound of sugar stir them well
together and set the basin on a pot of boiling water and turn the basin
round about often least it harden more on the one side than the other when
the drink is clear and the churd all alike it is enough then strew97 it
with cinnamon and sugar and serve it up it will be an hour
half a doing
Take ⟨a⟩ pint of Rhenish wine79 or good white wine and a quart74 of sweet cream
and put them into a broad earthen pot and season it with sugar and
put a [...] in and pare a lemon and put in both lemon and
pill65 then mingle all together then take a birchen10 rod peeled and
beat it very well and as the froth rises80 take it with a
slice of silver ladle with holes and put it upon
your syllabub101 that's all
Take half white wine and half water sweeten it
with sugar and pour ⟨cream on⟩ it to make a posset70 thus in short
Slice oranges into cream let it boil till the oranges be almost
wasted put in the yolks of four eggs to make it like a
fool35 and when it is cold serve it up
Take a pint of thick cream boil it then take rose water81
and sugar and season it fit for your taste then tie a little
muslin59 cloth and put ⟨it⟩ in that seven or eight whites of
eggs and beat them to as high as snow90 as you can then take
the cream boiling of the fire and put them in stirring
them softly that put into a dish for your use
Take a pound of rhenish wine79 or white wine and cut a lemon
as you do for whey106 to put into it and cut a nutmeg into 4
quarters and a sprig of rosemary and put likewise into it then
take three pints of cream and put thereunto and with a rod
beat it well together and as the curd28 rises80 take it
off and put it into another dish, when you see the drink
look green and that you think you have beat it enough
then pour the drink into the pot you intend to serve it up
in and put the curd28 and the top105 and you must sweeten
the wine with sugar to your own taste you may put in a
little sack82 if you please, it may be kept a day or two
Take thick cream of the evening milk put to it
a little sugar and some rose water81, then put it into silver
basin or a wooden bowl and with a little rod make a
little brush and beat it with good strength and as you see
it rising to froth put it with the rod into the other side
of the bowl from the plate where you beat it and when
you have a good deal made into froth take it up with a skimmer
and as fast as you lay it into your cream bowls throw
searced86 double refined sugar30 upon it, and when you have taken
up as much froth as you have that made, that fall to beats
in your cream again so do till you have made your dish
of cream as big as you will have it that is done
Take almonds beaten small and strained out with cream
boil them in the cream with rose water81 and sugar till that
be as thick as pap63 so serve it in your dish you must be careful
in this boiling that it turn not and observe to stir your cream all
one way and stir it a little off the fire
Take three gallons of milk a quart74 of cream set it on a clear fire
it that it may be hot enough without boiling then put it into three earthen pans
let it stand 24 hours then take the cream off the pans and put it into a
dish beat it with the back of a spoon till it be thick season it with rose
water81 and sugar to your taste then dish it up take cream off the
pans lay over it all
Take three quart74 of new milk set it on the fire in a deep silver dish
when it begins to boil skim it then put thereto a handful of fine
flower and yolks of three eggs which you must have well mingled together
with a ladle with cold milk before you put it in the milk that
boils as it boils keep it stirring till it be boiled enough in the boiling
season it with salt some fine beaten sugar stir it till its boiled as
thick as you desire then put it into a dish and it up
Take cream and boil it well put in the yolks of 2 eggs one white and
some sugar boil it a good while then rub them through a colander into
the cream let it boil a while you must in as many as will make
it thick serve it up cold
Take gooseberries and scald them and strain96 a good many of them
into some cream that it may be thick season it with rosewater81 and sugar
so serve them
Take raspberries boil them in rosewater81 and sugar to take away the
rawness then strain96 them with thick cream and season it with more sugar
to your taste and serve it up
Take rasberrys and beat them will in a dish with a spoon putting in a little
rosewater81 and sugar when it is well beaten set it over the fire
with a little musk58 ambergris3 as it is thoroughly warmed take it off and when
it is cold lay it in a dish then lay your snow90 upon it having first
put the white of an egg in the cream and beat them together it is to be
remembered that you save some of the prepared (rasps)raspberries to drop upon
and dow the cream serve it up
Take thick sweet cream and boil it with little mace54 and the juice of almonds
which hath been beaten with rose water81 or whites of eggs the almonds
being beaten let it boil till you think it be enough then strain96 in
the (rasps)raspberries and beat it with a wooden plater till it be cold to dish
Take three spoonfulls of rice flour refined beaten and searced86 two yolks
of eggs three spoonfulls of sugar two or three of rose water81 temper
all these together then put[?] them into a pint of cold cream then set
it upon the fire and keep it stirred till it grow of a reasonable thickness
then put it into a dish serve it up
Take French barley36 let it be clear washed steep it in warm water
till the reddness be gone then take raisings76 of the sun strawberry leaves
and violet leaves endive and succory99 fennel roots and parsley the
pith67 taken out of these all this boiled together with a chicken if
you will you may give the barley water with a little sugar to one
that hath the burning fever or make there almond milk of this
broth the sicker being cold stamp your almonds with a little rose
water a stick of whole cinnamon95 some whole mace54 make it
[Page f.7v]sweet to your taste and when it is strained warm it with the
spices in a silver dish so keep it
Take a quart74 of fare water set it on the fire put then in half a handful
of violet leaves if the time serve the flowers also one handful of
raisins of the sun stoned 2 or three blades of mace54 the bottom of a manchet55
a stick of cinnamon95 broken and a rase77 of ginger but if it be set on
before it is hot leave out the hot things and put in more cold things
herbs and when they have boiled an hour blanche a quarter of a
pound of almonds and beat them in a mortar and as you beat them
put in a spoonful of the liquor and when they are very small strain96
them into a dish with the liquor and if it not be thick enough beat you
almonds again and strain96 them then pour it forth and put in a spoonful
of rosewater81 then set it on the fire again and let it boil but stir it and
sweet it with sugar
Take 7 ounces in spoonfuls of cream half as much sack82 as much sugar
and with a birch rod11 whip it ours then you may take it off and
put it into your dish you would serve it up in it will be so stiff
as to hold water in it
Take some strokings98 and set them together as you do for another
cheese and it is ready put the whey from it and break it very
well with a wooden spoon and cut a nutmeg into four quarters
and put into it then put in some sugar and work109 it together then
take out the nutmeg and so dish it up and cream
Take scalding83 of roasted apples and take of the pap63 of them and put it into
a dish and braise well with a spoon then spread it thin on the bottom
of the dish you mean to put your fresh cheese in and upon the rinds as for
as you mean the cream shall come you must thick cream in a
[Page f.8r]skillet set it on the fire and put in two or three blades of mace54 and in a while
it boil very fast and when it boils up put in as much rosewater81
and sugar as will please your taste let it still boil apace6 and when you
see it is thick and froths then with a spoon take up the bubbles as fast
as they rise put them into your dish you spread with apples until you
have filled it and the cream is cold then put in your fresh cheese
and so serve it up
Take two quarts74 of sweet cream set it on the fire in a clean skillet
and when it boils put in as much Canary sack17 as will turn like
a posset70 put it into a bowl or strainer96 till all the whey be run from it
then rub the curd28 through the strainer96 into a dish and season it with rosewater
81 and sugar and if it be thicker than you would have it put some
of the whey in it so serve it in cream
Take a quart74 of cream boil it with a sprig of rosemary and
a little thin lemon pill65 mace54 and nutmegs then strain96 it through
a strainer96 when it is cold take the juice of a lemon and a spoonful
of sack82 turn it that you may see it turned then put it into
a strainer96 and by it hang it up as it drops by the strainer96 a
little lower let it hang all night then take a pint of half cream
boil it with mace54 lemon skin and sugar and the whites of
2 new laid eggs let them boil up and strain96 it into a
dish keep it straining till it be cold put thereto a little
rosewater81 take your curd28 out of the strainer96 make them
into 35 balls about the bigness of apples put the cream into them
Take after your codlings26 is scalded and pealed put them into a silver
dish till the dish is almost half full with damask roses half a pound
[Page f.8v]of sugar boil all these together still stirring of the codlings26 till ⟨the⟩ liquor
is almost consumed then fill up the dish with sweet cream when it hath
when it hath boiled a little all over the dish strew97 sugar upon it eat
it cold
Take a quart74 of cream boil it with mace54 put in six yolks of eggs
well beaten and boil it till it turn a little ⟨with⟩ salt if it do not turn
you may put in some juice of lemon let it not turn to be hard
put it into a cloth let it hang up all night next day take it out
of the cloth pick out all the mace54 season it with rosewater81 and sugar
serve it in your bowl and pink66 it as you do almond butter
Take a quart74 of cream boil it with mace54 put in six yolks of eggs
well beaten let it boil up take it off the fire put in a little sack82
to turn it then put it in a cloth let the whey drain from it then
then take it out of the cloth season it with rosewater81 a⟨nd⟩ sugar
being well broken with a spoon serve it in a dish and pink66
it
Take a pottle71 of fare running water put it into a skillet then take the
roots of parsley and fennell the pith67 being taken out of them a quarter
of a handful then take the roots of succory endive99 and borage bugloss15 of
these a quarter of a handful the pith67 being taken out a handful
of violet leaves a handful of raisins of the sun stoned and two spoonfuls
of French barley36 then boil all these together for an hour an
half then take a quarter of a pound of almonds blanch them
and beat them small and as you beat them take a spoonful of
the liquor into them then strain96 them with the liquor and put
it into a glass and drink it when you are dry
Take the curd28 of three quarts74 of new milk clean wheyed107 rub it
into a little fine flour then take a rase77 of ginger slice it
put to the curd28 and a little salt then take a pint of yeast
and to it 10 eggs whites let there be as much flour as will
make it into a paste and put it into a hot cloth lay it before
the fire to rise while your oven is a heating make it up into
loaf when it is baked cut it on the top put in some melted
butter and sugar
Take a pottle71 of strokings98 and a quart74 of cream mix them together and put a
little earning31 to it and when the curd28 is come put it into a cloth and strain96
out the whey and rub the curd28 with a little fresh butter till it be tender then
season it with t [...][?] rosewater81 and sugar nutmegs and currants mix your paste
and curds28 with a little cream as you do for sugar cakes let your oven
be hot and quick set not up the stone at all while they're baking lay a
little butter upon every one of them while they be in the oven
Take three eggs and beat them very well and as they are beating put to
them as much flour as will make them thick then put to it four eggs more
beat them all very well together then take a quart74 of cream put in a quart⟨er⟩
of a pound of butter set it on the fire when it begins to boil put in the
eggs and flour let them boil till they be thick then season it with currants
salt a sugar bake them in coffins27 like cheesecakes20 with cinnamon
Take a gallon of new milk and set it it with rennet78 so that it may come
quickly te⟨n⟩der then put in a cheese cloth drain the whey clean from it take
it and put it into a bowl then take the third part of a pound of butter it
in thoroughly with your hands then take six yolks of eggs beat it with a
spoonful of rose water81 as much sugar as will sweeten it when you have
[Page f.9v]well put in half a pound of currants mix it together half
[...] nutmeg then put them into cofins maike your paste very good and st [...]
put in sugar your oven must be as hot as for a manchet55
Take six ounces of Hartshorne one ounce of isinglas48 and a quart74 of water pure
put them in a stone bottle close firmly closed and boil them in a pan of water to a jelly
then put it in a pan with the whites of three eggs well beaten boil it so strain96 it
and take as much cream [...] as you have jelly when the jelly is cold put in
the cream and put to it eight ounces of blanched almons beat with whisk rosewater81
put that to the cream with a little sugar and musk58 set it on the fire to scald then straine96
it and put it into narrow bottomed glasses buttered in every glass alike quantity
turn them out on a plate and stick it with fine apple seeds the heads cut off and
put in water until they flower, for want of them almonds
Take cream and boil it very thick season it with sugar and salt when
cold make it green with juice of spinach
Take a quart74 of cream set it to boil then put it in the
yolks of eight eggs, and the whites of three well beaten eggs a little
[...] sak, set it on the fire until it thickens and turned then put
it in a thin cloth steam it until the whey be all out sweeten
it with sugar and a little rose water81 lay it in a dish in the
form of a hedge hog stick it very thick of blanched almonds
cut as small as [...] put two currants in the eyes when it goes
to the table put on raw cream
Take thick cream and put to it sack82 or white wine
it taste pretty stronge but not to turn put in a sprig of
rosemary and rose water81 to your taste make it pretty sweet
with sugar put in some juice of lemon take a birch rod peeled
And whip it as the froth riseth80 then put it in your posset70 cups
Take a pound of almonds put them in clean water let
them stand until they blanche then blanche them into rosewater81
take a few at a time beat them in a stone mortar or
a wooden bowl until they be very small putting in
sometimes a little rose water81 [...] take a clean
cloth and steam them put them in again with some
more beat them with rosewater81 as before straine96 them
again do so until all the goodness be got out then take it
put it in a butter dish with a little large mace54 cinnamon
and a little sugar
Take half a pound of butter a handful of almonds
blanched and finely beaten putting in as much rosewater81
as will keep them from oiling when they are both mixed
the almonds and butter together sweeten them with sugar
rub them through a sieve so serve it
Take a pound of Almonds beat them very fine in clean water
wherein in good store of coriander seeds has been boiled
when it is very fine strain96 it into the cream beat it set it
on the fire stir it when it begins to boil put in the juice of
a lemon a little salt when it begins to turn take it off
spread it upon a holand apron47 wet it well with rosewater81
then work it upon a board let it be held very straight with
your ladle scrape it into the middle of your cloth tie it up let
it drain until next day turn it out sweeten it with rosewater81
and sugar so serve it up
Take 3 bottles of morning milk set it on the fire with a bottle
of sweet cream when it has boiled a great while put
into the 8 stone pans when it is cold set it on the fire again
until it be hot but not boiling take heed you never break the
cream with taking it off the fire and on the fire which
you must do very gently let no bubbles be in the top but
take them off with a spoon before the creame be gathered
so soon as you pour it out of the beags pan after the second
taking it off the fire let it stand six hours then take
it off loosening it from the pans with your hands
[Page f.10v]Take the natus61 of the milk between every one strew97
sugar so lay natus upon natus with your sugar till your dish
be full as you strew97 sugar sprinkle rose water81 upon it when
you serve it set a branch of rosemary in the dish cast snow90
upon both the rosemary and the natus
Take 30 ayle pints2 of new milk set it on the fire in a
kettle till it be scalding hot stirring it oft to keep it from
creaming put it forth into an earthen pan as you put
it forth take out the blabers13 with a spoon let it stand
till it be cold take off the cream with two such slices as
you beat biscuit with they must be very thin not to brood
when you have taken off the cream lay it on any plate
set on four or five times lay a stalk94 on the midst of
the plate lay the rest upon the top between every laine
scrape ginger strew97 rosewater81 if you will the powder of
musk58 and ambergris3 be careful of the heating
you smoke it not
Take four or five lemons pare off the thin rind squeeze the juice of those lemons upon the
pill65 let them stand an hour then take a pint of water the whites of eight eggs
and two yolks of of well beaten then beat all these together season it with
sugar to your taste put it all through a fine thicken it on the fire but not
boil it so you may make orange cream only take about two or four whites
and the rest yolks to make it near the colour of the oranges to your discretion
Take the juice of four lemons pare off the thin rind steep it in the juice beat
eight whites of eggs and a half and a yolk very well beat strain96 the juice into
them and put in a pint of spring water and a spoonful of rose water81
sweet it with double refined sugar30 and set it on a slow fire and stir
it still till it jelly it must not boil let it drop through a fine cloth
To a pint of cream put a heaped spoonful of chocolate set it over
a slow fire stir it very well put in a little sugar take it off the
fire but stir it still beat a white of an egg very well but not to
froth when your cream is almost cold put it to your egg a spoonful
at a time till it come to a dozen stirring it all the
[Page f.11r]while then put it in all your cream hold it at a distance over the
fire stirring it from the bottom till it be quite cold it must be
all alike thick
Take 6 pennyworth64 of oil of eggs and as much in quantity of
lint seed oil anoint5 the place
Take wormwood pound it lay it to the forehead
Take the small buttons and rub them with a wooling cloth
in water : then put them into a little fair water and milk to
keep them white when they are all rubbed : put them into milk
and water boiling on the fire 4 or 5 boils and skim84 them
very well : and throw them into a cullender or sine covering them
close : and drain them a little ; - then put them into as much
water and salt as well cover them letting them stand all
night : then drain them well 2 or 3 hours : in the mean time
boil your pickle ; with white wine vinegar or one part white
wine ; with white pepper : and sliced ginger : some nutmeg largley
sliced a little parnaco pepper put these in cold : and put a little
salt in as it boiling then take the mushrooms and dry them very
well with a cloth : then put them into your glasses or pots with a layer
of your spices between : and then pour on your pickle it having
cold and lie them down with bladders and let them in a dry
place for keeping
If you please you may put in four[?]
bay leaves lemon peel mace54
Take your cluster of grapes stone them as you do barbarys7 then
take a little more sugar then weight
Take your barbarys7 when they are full ripe then stone them weigh them
take half the weight in hard sugar just so much water to your sugar
as will cover your barbarys7 boil your sugar and water together and
when it is clean skimmed put in part of your barbarys7 and when they
be a little scalded take them up as fast as you can then heat your
syrup again and put in more and as before till they are scald
then make your syrup boil and when it is cold put it to your barba
rays your barbarys7 must be in a clean glass and so let them stand 2
days then take them out of your syrup and take the weight they we
ighted when they near scaled and sugar and your water to it to make
a syrup when it will make a third betwixt your finger then lay
your barys7 on a dish and when your syrup is boiled put it to your
barbarys7 set it on a few embers and turn them that they may be all
hot wet with the syrup then let them stand 2 days then warm them
a little on a few coals and when they be warmed lay them out
on a piece glass and if you lay them out open the bunches with a bod
kin14 and set them into your stove and when they are pretty dry
loosen them from the glasses and lay them on clean glasses and when
they be almost dry open them again with a bodkin14 and when they
throw dry box them
Take a shoulder and a leg of veal one pair of calf's feet take all the
feet from the veal and scald the feet then lay them in fair water 3 or 4
times a day then take a good quantity of water and put it into the pot with
the veal and feet keep it very clean skimmed84 when it is boiled enough strain96
it into a clean dish you must dry[?] when it will stand you must take of
all the top with a knife very thin and put it into a reflet and
Take your jelly as it comes you must have a cutter all ready
and you must have saffron ready strained with rosewater81 and
as your jelly sits you must pour it in several dishes set them
by till they be cold then take a slate dish with clear jelly in the
bottom it being very cold then take some of the red jelly and
it a little so little as it will scarse [...] then put it upon
the clear jelly but first as much as will cover it over and let
lie till it be cold then take your saffron jelly put it over
you did your red and you put another of your princeyie
jelly over it again and when it is cold it will cut like it
Take gum dragon lay it steep in rosewater81 till it be soft
but it not too thick take sugar seared fine temper it well your
hand gum make it not too stiff it will not comply but if you will
have it coloured you must take for yellow saffron for green [...]
sponge grind them with the end of a wooden pestel upon a trinster
wet not too much at a time least it try too fast and it will not go
out when it would thick put it upon your mould press it down upon
crest to print it as you grind the colours put the
sugar to them
Take to a pound of a pound of apricots 2 pounds of sugar pour them [...]
lay a layer of them and a layer of sugar let them then stand 1/3 of a day
boil them very early to pot them
Take apricots stones then pair them as thin as possible you
can pick out all the spelks put on a posnit of water when
the water is hot put in the apricots let them strain96 till they
are so soft a straw will go through them to ever pound of
apricots 3 quarters of a pound of sugar [...] and
strain96 sugar on the basin a layer of apricots a layer of
sugar put them to sugar posnit early on so let them strain96 till next day boil them
till the syrup is very thick so you
must do with the dead one only not boil them on so high on
a day they must go in syrup and then on syrup when them on
fresh sieve away day till they be ready
Layer them take to every pound of apricots 8 quarters of sugar and
strain96 it on every layer let them lie a day take a quarter
of a gill40 of water set them on the fire boil them safely till
they be soft and the syrup jelly put them in glass
Take a pound of double [...] sugar half a pound of gooseberries
strain96 them put them into cold water take a quarter of a pint
of the water put it to your sugar put your berries into it set it
on a quick fire to boil take them and into on a [...] of in
the boiling till they look hard and then put them in glasses
Take the gaintest of gooseberries when they are hanging but nothing
near tips cut off the tops that there be no flakes strain96 them then out
a little sugar on then weigh them right away to every pound of gooseberries
a pound and a quarter of sugar batonberrg small half
a mini pint of water make syrup of 3 quarters of that
sugar 3 parts of that water when it begins to boil put in
your gooseberries make them boil as you can strain96 in
the sugar soft of the water when [...] syrup and goose
berries of atole of antigooseberries [...] you must make
another jelly of gooseberries and put them into your glasses
so strain96 them a day or two
Take a pound of cherries and a pound of green codlings26
paired and quatered 2 ounces of sugar a wine quart74 of
water boil it to a pint strain96 it so put 7 ounces of sugar
3 quarters of a pound of cherries set it on your fire make
it boil as fast as you can; have 7 ounces of sugar
ready beaten strew97 on as it boil when they boil
take them off the fire put them up in glasses
Take the fairest & ripest quinces75 you can get pair them take the cores
out boil the cores and pairings alltogether to pieces steam the
water from them boil them with a pound of sugar in a pint
of the same water put 3 quarters of a pound of quinces75 in it boil
them very easily close covered till they look of a high colour
then uncover them boil them uncovered easily till they are so
tender that you may put a straw through them so cool them keep them for your use
Take your quinces75 cut the cores out boil them in 3 several
waters all must boil but the first let them still be kept under
water when they be enough pair them take to every pound
of quinces75 a pound of powder sugar72 wet the sugar put to
it the whites of 2 eggs well beaten still it set it on the fire when
the scum84 riseth80 and begins to boil drop it with clean water two
or three times and when the filth is well gathered take it out
strain96 it take your quinces75 being paired put in the syrup to them
when the are almost enough put in a pint of cleare meat
quinces75 if you have it so box it
Take your quinces75 pair them put them in a bucket of water as
fast as you pair them, to every pound of quinces75 a pound of
sugar, to every pound of sugar 3 quarters of a pint of water
make it boil skim it take it off set it cooling put your quinces75
in set it on the fire making it boil as fast as you can all the
prick them with a knitting needle leaving out some of your
sugar being bett very small to strew97 on them as they boil
When you have made your syrup for your read quinces75 before
you put in your raw quinces75 you may put it in take part of it and
and set it on a Chafeing dish of coals put to it 3 or 4 [...]
slices of a quince75 cut thin with cores an all cover it very
small close with another dish let it boil a pretty while
[Page f.14r] uncover them if the slices look very 14 red and the syrup
as red as scarlet, take them out put to it a good quanity
of fine searsed86 sugar stir it softly about with a spoon cover
it close let it boil a good while till it be Jelly and look like a ruby
Take your clusters of grapes stone them as you do barberys7
take a little more sugar than weight
Take the greatest oranges you can get shave them very thin
quarter them in the top take out the meat put them in to clean
water let them stand 2 days and 2 nights change them 3 times
a day per boil them in 3 several waters let your water boil
everytime before you put in your oranges to every 3 oranges one pound
of sugar to every pound of sugar a pint of water put
your water into your pan beat into it 2 or 3 whites of eggs till
it come to a froth set your pan on the fire put in your sugar
broken in small pieces let it boil on a very quick fire
when it boils scum84 it very clear put in your oranges steam⟨much⟩
the syrup set it on the fire put in a good quantity of rosewater81
let it boil till it be tender and the syrup as thick you will
have it so pot them
Take your barberys7 when they are full ripe stone them weigh them
take half the weight in hand sugar put as much water as you think
will cover you berries boil your sugar and water together when its clear
skimmed put in part of your barbarys7 when they be a little scalded take
them up as fast as you can heat your syrup again put in more
barbarys7 now as you did at first
Take your barbarys7 and weigh them take weight and half of sugamuch
finely beaten stone them cut off the tops take a broad glass lay a
layer of sugar and a layer of barbarys7 then lay a paper over them
and let them in the sun till all the sugar be melted set them up
for your use if you put some of the juice of barbarys7 to them
and set them in a cold cellar you'll find it will dissolve the sugar
they will do well so[Page f.15r]
Pick them put them in a tankard set it in a posnet69 take the juice as it comes
take a pint of juice to a pound of sugar make it boil apase6 till it be
by thick jelly take the fairest raspberries put them in the jelly let them boil
till they are very thick put them in a thin glass set them in your stove
Put your raspberries in a flagon set them is a posnet69 of water when the juice
comes draw it of strain96 it to a pint of this a pound of sugar set
on the fire boil it then put in some raspberries whole as many as you think fit
let boil till it be jelly put it in glasses set it in your stove
Take your pippins in the beginning of the year at Crismes take
half a many apples as pippins pare them cut them in quarters
as your cuts them take the kurnels51 out and put them into a large
quantity of water boil them till they be thick then strain96 the
clearest through a strainer96 wring it not hard for making it thick
then take an orange freest from spots
Take them when they are as big as filberts34 or bigger boil them little
take of the sum boil them in three waters very tender put to ev
ery pound of nuts 3 quarters of a pound of sugar make your syrup
as thick as any other syrup
Take pippins pare them quater them put them in a posnet69 put as much spring
water as will cover them till nld[?] half the water be boiled away strain96
the liquor from them take to every pint a pound of sugar boil it till it
will hang upon a spoon like a quaking jelly take oranges pare them boil up
pareings in fair water cut the peels as narrow as strings put it in a little
while put them in glasses to keep
Take barbarys7 put them in a pot set them in a pan of water let them
stand till they be tender
Take the finest lemon coloured citron cut them in quarters as you please put
them in spring water 4 o 5 days shift the water morning and evening put them
in a pot let them boil till they be tender take them up lay them in a clean
cloth in a dish make some syrup with doubled refined sugar30 put to every pound
of citron 2 pound of sugar 2 pints and a half of water put your syrup into
a basin put in the citron set them on a chafing dish of coals keep them under
the syrup that they be not dry they must not be hotter than you can endure your
hand on the out side of the dish when the syrup wastes put in more let it not be
thicker than the first let it stand 2 days you'll find the syrup very thick then ag
aine set it on a soft fire keep them (fo)for a day or two when the syrup is wast
ed put in some more at two days end you shall find some at top when
they are cold put them in pots
Take your fruit put it into a jelly pot and set it in a pot of water till the clear juice comes
put the juice through a strainer96 to clear it take a pound of hard sugar wet with water
boiled to dry sugar again to the sugar put in a pint of juice set it on the fire to co
ld but not boil put in your glasses if you would have it not crust prick a paper lay
it on
Take Codlings26 the Bigness you like best cut off the
tops and stalks put them in a pan of water close
coverd set them on the fire till they be watery to
boil take them off peel them put them in again
set them on the fire again till they are hot take them
off again keep them covered till they are almost cold
use them in this water setting them on the fire and
taking them off till they are as green as you would
have them take take their weight in sugar putting
half of it in the pan wherein you preserve e[?] them
put the Codlings26 to that sugar store the remaining
upon them put this to as much water wherein they
are boiled as will melt the sugar when your sugar
is melted boil them up as fast as you can this on put
them up in glases
Take 2 ounces of gooseberries 6 ounces of sugar 1 gill40 of
water stone the gooseberries put them into cool water make
a syrup of that sugar and water put in your gooseberries boil
them as fast as you can when clear put them in
your glasses you must do but this quantity at a time
Take a quart74 or 3 pints of fine flour a pound of sweet
butter 3 yolks of eggs half a dozen of spoonfuls of
thick sweet cream 3 or 4 spoonfuls of new yeast 2 spoon
fuls of rose water 2 or 3 spoonfuls of sack82 knead
these all together let it stand before the fire an hour
then take 3 quarters of a pound of caraway18 comforls[?] work109
them in your cake before you put it in your pan butter it set
it in the oven
Take red roses beat them in a marble mortar cut off the whits108 to every pound
of buds take 3 pounds of sugar beat well mix them together beat it very well so pot it
So you may make conserve of sage rosemary bitany12 or marigolds or any thing
only observe those things are biter take some thirse102 the weight in sugar some
but double some the same weight these four may be mixed a little of everyone
to take the morning and night at any time or when one lies in it comforts
the stomach
Take one pound of scurvygrass85 picked and
stamped 3 pounds of sugar boiled up to candy
with water put in the scurvygrass stir it well to=
gether put it up take as much at a time as a
walnut in an afternoon at 4 oclock you must
stir after it
Cut them take out all the stones and roughen off
beat in a morte with twice their weight of
sugar
Pick them clean put them into a pan let them boil without
any liquor in the boiling bruise them with a ladle let them
boil till they be soft and all loused and full of liquor
strain96 before they are cold set it over the fire
let it be boiled well in the boiling put in as much sugar
as you t[?]hinke of let it boil till it be yt[?] be thick put it in a stone
pot keep it
Take the orange peel out of the outmost rind lay them in water
six times; change them 3 times a day; seathe87 them in faire
water put into them a quantity of cloves and sugar what you
think good with one or two spoonfuls of rosewater let them sit
cool after put them in a close vessel so you may preserve
them long if you put sugar enough to them
Take your damsons wash them in fair water dry them with a
cloth put them in an earthen pot fill your pot with them
cover your pot with paste set it in a warm oven after bread[?]
is drawn stop the oven very close let the pot stand in 4
hour take them out put your damsons into a thick canvas let
your licquor that runs be put in a pan likewise break your
damsons; to have more licquor, you must have no licquor but
what runs take as much sugar as will boil it up off
Take whole lemons pair the rind off very thin lay them in water
whole for 2 days shifting the water get in boil the lemon
very tender shift the water in the boiling 3 or 4 times but the
water must boil before the lemons be put in wash the lemons
they being boiled allow to 6 pound of lemons 3 pound &
a half of powder sugar72 make the syrup with that sugar put
to every pound of sugar half a pint of water [...] it
with 2 eggs boil it to such a height the syrup may drop
thick; put in all the peels of all the lemons letting them
boil softly then take them of the fire let them stand
close covered all the night next morning set them on
the fire till they begin to boil take them out strain96
the syrup and peel through a strainer96 slice a quater or as
many of those peels as you like let meet and syrup boil
to a good thickness afore you put in the peels after you have
put in the peels put in 2 (pd)pound of double refined sugar30 boil it put
it in glasses
Take the quinces75 halve them cut them in foure quarters put them into faire
in water take them out dry them with a cloth put to every pound of quinces75 3 quarts74
of a pound of sugar boil it on a quick fire continually stirring them until they
be enough put them in glasses stone them.
Take your quinces75 fire boil them but very little cut them into
big big lumps put them into fair water boil it very fast when
they have boiled [...] half a quarter of an hour pour it out
into potingers71 then have ready some fire boiled quinces75 slice the
white of the quinces75 go not too near the core put it into [...]
water take the weight of the quinces75 and water in double refined
sugar30 altogether it boil as fast as you can that the colour may
not change slice it for fear of burning beat it as little as
you can boil it in a little musk58 have a pint of water to a pound of
quinces75 and sugar if you will have it white boil half
at a time
Take your oranges thick rinds fair colored pair
="pair" of the outside very thin rub them with salt
wash it off very dry them in a clofe25 cut
them in half then out the juice strain96 it and
keep it in a glass scrape out all themidst of the
orangeslay them in water 2 days and shift the
water twice a day then boil them in 2 or 3 ways
every water must boil except the fruit then take
them off lay them between 2 coarse coals
up the water then scrape of all the strings pick out all
theflakes, hold them very firm in put in a stone M [...]
take someapple scale them in the last water then
boil your oranges take the pap63 of the apple beat
it in a mold to a pound of oranges a quarter of a pound
of applemingle the apple and oranges together put in
them juice of orangesjuice of 4 lemons
[Page f.17r]Take the weight of this in double so fine sugar set
your stuff on the fire to dry then take the sugar wet
it thin with water put some [...] grease and milk
side up in lifiny52 boil it in the sugar to a candy put
the stuff into a skillet drop it on sheets of paper grease
in sound cakes set it in a warm cupboard to dry when
one side is candied and clapt24 together.
Take apricots when they are although ripe pair them
take out the stones weigh them put to them their weight of
sugar; put them in a dish [...] them and a quick
fire let them boil as fast as may be without any
little [...] when you perceive them soft break them with
a spoon until there be no hard lumps [...] them
[...] again set them on a very quick fire the let them
not burn let them not burn to the [...] until they be dry take
sugar being boiled to a candy pour it in seething
hot then lay them, when they have laid 2 hours lay
them into an oven now now hotter than you can endure
them [...] half an hour let them stand in the oven
being stopped 3 hours after take them up, slice them
if you have afterward you need not set them in the oven
again but if you have not let them stand in the
oven two hours having unstopped
Take raspberries beat them in a silver bason let them stand
out the fire until the juice be dewish spread it thin take as
much sugar for weight as raspberries beat boil the sugar as to a candy
put it to the raspberries beat so dry it letting it stand upon the fire
a pretty while
Put them in a pot; in a pan of water let them stand
till they be tender rub them there on after ainds them a spoun set
it over the fire let it not boil till it be the thickness of a
syrup take searced86 sugar mix it with the syrup until it be the
thickness of a paste roll it thin cut it out with a thimble
lay them between 2 papers before the fire until they be
dry then put them in boxes
when you have paired your apricots cut them
in halves put them in an earthen pot or silver flagon set it into a skillet of
boiling water you may draw out the core make core cakes
of yours when your pulp is very soft beat it with a spoon
take weight for weight in sugar, boil it to a spirty
candy and stir till all your sugar be disolved but let
it not boil to put it in a glass safer when it is
cied[?] at top a urn your cakes up on sheets of glase41
till your other side be hard and when the pulp is pau[?]
to your candy, as before mentioned for your Apricot
take them with your Jumbals50 and boil it together
it will cut when its cold, you need dry cut it in
narrow pieces cover it up searce sugar make them in
what knot you please it is best to present the apricot
stuff upon a pie plate when it is pretty hot to cut it
Take Barbarys7 put them in a pot set them in a gram of hot water let
yours stand till they be tender
take coves and kernels51 of quinces75 boil them in fair water till it be
very strong take a pound of your liquor and pound of doubled refined sugar30
let your sugar be boiled to your geight of manas, then put in your liquor
of quinces75 stir it well together. box it, set it on your store
take cardimum food half an ounce take your sugar
it into a candy height paste in as many of the foods as you
think fit take half an ounce and rub two grains43 of sugar
on it spread it put it into your cakes when you think
your foods are boiled enough in the sugar loop it upon a
pie plate for your cakes
take a quarter of a pound of blanched almonds four of [...]
fresh pine Apple kernels51 as much fresh pistachios candy [...]
orange roots three ounces of candied lemon peels three [...]
orange peels two ounces of candied citron peels four [...]
[Page f.18r]of the powder of white amber as much as will lie on a shilling
powder of peerle[?] as much as will lie on sixpence six grainis of
am barg loose[?] three grains43 of musk58 of the best loaf goole[?] half
a crowns worth cloves and mase[?]54 of each as much as will lie on
three pence cut all those as small as can be then take a pound
of finie sugar to a pinit an a half of Running water boil
it to a High Candy when tis so boiled that afly[?] put in A large vase
and musk58 into two spoonfulls of Damoske[?] Rosewater81 last of all
put in the other things case it into cakes Let it stand till its
cold then it will slide from the plate
tkae 8 eggs save out one egg beat them very well and strain96
them make dough of fine flour dried on the oven a little
and it food les faraway sun burnesed[?] collanders Make the Dough very
mould it very well make Rolls big as half your fist cut them
in thin slices make them plane with your fingers highest
at the sides and somewhat narrow at one side like little
conrdmbors[?] and some knots like Jumballs50 but the rolls must
not be too great nor the knots too thick to lie one upon another
make a thick syrup of double Refined sugar30 a little rosewater81
amd muske58 boiled with it now add the drop in a little white
of an egg when the syrup is scumed84 and almost candy
to sugar at least on the one side which if it be not flat
and shallow you must pritke[?] your genituys and knots and bake
them hard but not brown while your syrup is boiling that
they may Grow hard to it turn them well in it with a thick
scumar and when it is dried on the one side that they
may be all right put them in while the syrup
is on the fire and take it not off till they have some liall[?]
syrup and it be sugar you must part them one from
another as you turn them that too much sugar sticks
not on them and when you have taken them apart
every one if your sugar be too thick scrape it off with
your knife lay them one by one in a great pewter dish dry them
you may keep them a year if you will
take aprocots or pipings take out the stems and pair them.
lay them on an earthen dish strow97 them over with thin sugar
set them in a hot oven as the liquor runs from them turn them
strow97 sugar on them on every side set them in the oven
when the sugar dries in them lay them in a big dish then set
them in the oven
Take your plums wipe and stone them take to every
every pound of plums 3 quarters they of a pound of [...]
beaten sugar wet your sugar no more than you
would do for a candy set it on the fire. Let it boil
until it be all molten take it off the fire let it stand until
it be almost cold put in the plums you must
put the split side down and put them on the fire again let them
boil a little very softly take them off and turn them to
the other side set them on the fire again so do 4 or 5
times until they are very soft put them in a Galy pot38
Let them stand for 3 days boil them again very well let
them stand 5 days more lay them one by one in a line
change sides 2 or 3 times set them in a warmed oven.
Let them dry leisurely turning them often when they are
enough wash them in water ready to boil wipe them
set them in the on for five hours let not the oven stand
hot as after Manchits
The white pear pearl plum is best. Too them in the beginning
of August they must be those that is greenest and clearest
of spots they must be of the smallest for though will shrink
when they are thin set on a skillit when it is so hot that
can hurt your finger in it put in your plums set
then in a close cupboard almost half an hour set your skillit
go so full that your dish may keep them under water take
a little skillet that you may put in half a dozen plums at a
time set it on the fire with spring water when it boils take
it suddenly from the fire put in it 4 or 5 plums [...]
them let your plums by a while when you so the skillet
the plums begin to shittol Take them up quickly and pile
boil the water again put in more plums so do until you
pile them all weigh them to one pound of plums and [...]
of double Refined Sugar30 very small beaten set a skillet of
water make it boil then put in your plums core them
let them boil softly until you see them look a little green
them off the fire let them stand close coloured until you [...]
them green take them up lay them on a pyd plate take them
the sugar wet the bottom of your preserving pan [...]
in the sugar not all [...] to strew97 on your plums
all most half of it put 5 or 6 spoonfuls of the you boiled
your plums into the plums and sugar set them on a [...]
fire let them boil very softly a quarter of an hour
[Page f.19r]or their about take up your plums boil your syrup a little
from when it is a little cold put the syrup and plums
in a dish that they may liquify[?] one another 3 days take a - -
quarter of a pound sugar more put a little water
boil it till it come to a high candy while your syrup
boils take the plums out of your syrup that the
syrup may run from the again as your syrup be ready
lay them in a dish one by another and boiling from
the fire pour your syrup on the plums set them on the
fire till you feel the plums a little soft then take
off your dish let them stand a day and a night
then warm your plums take them up lay them on
a sheet of glass so dry them
Take 8 pound of cherries one pound of beaten sugar stand
your cherries into a great basin or glass lay them one by one
in row strew97 a little sugar on them lay in the sugar and
cherries till they be full let them stand next day put them
into a great thing set them on the fire let them boil very
fast a quarter of an hour or more then pour them -
into a basin to stand 3 or 4 days take them out lay them
in a sine in the sun or oven till they are dry turning them
every day on dry sines
Take the fairest full ripe figs boil them in several
waters till they are very soft then take them out lay them
in a sine to drain out the water when they are cools weigh
them to every pound of figs one pound of sugar
to every pound of sugar a pint of water
Let it boil skim84 it well put your figs in the syrup let them
boil half an hour take them off the fire let them stand
till the next day in syrup heat them again let them boil a
little so do 3 times then put the rest of the sugar so :
boil them three times more lay them on glasses strew97 a little
fine sugar on them turn them on clean glasses every day let
the stove be but gently warm
Take your pears pair them lay them one by one in latine
pans or broad butter dishes cover them with one of the same
let them into the oven being as hot as for household bread
let the scorch a little before you put them in after
they have been a quarter of an hour stop up your oven
close let them stand 7 or 8 hours take them out dry them
if they be ready set them in uncovered if not ready turn
cover them again let them stand in the oven the oven
not so hot as before shut the oven close for 5 hours then
turn them set them in a warm oven uncovered turn them
two or three times a day flattening them as you turn them
till they be dry enough
Take your oranges or lemons pair them as thin as you can cut them off in
long slices lay them in clean water one day and night change the water
in the time sew them up in tifiny104 boil them in 3 several waters every
water must be boiled but the first not too long a water for fear
of looking black take then up lay then two hot cloths to dry up
the water weight then to every pound of pills65 take a pound and quarter
of double refined sugar30 wet your sugar with clean water very thin let
it boil till your syrup hangs with a drop at the spoon let it cool put
in your pills65 let them settle softly keep them covered while
they are boiling when you see the syrup hang about them take them
up syrup and all put them into a corerue[?] glass set them into a warm
cupboard let them stand till the peels begin to candy take them up lay
them upon glasses set them into the cupboard again turn them often
Take oranges or lemons shave them thin[?] cut them in slices as you like lay
them in a cloth boil them very tender weigh them take a pound of pills65
and a pound of sugar make the sugar into thin syrup with a pint of
water when its boiled and cleared put in the chips let them stand upon
a soft fire till the syrup candy about the skillet side power into dishes let
them stand all night take them out next morning one by one lay them upon
plates when they are dry upon one side turn then on the other with in a
day or two they will be dry enough to put up[Page f.20v]
Take half a pound of hard sugar add to it the juice of one lemon the
rind and half of 2 lemons you must pair you must paire the peel
of very thin and clear from the whits108 squease the juice into a saucerpot
into your juice a pretty quantity of sugar mince57 your rind grate it
very small put it in your juice to keep it from looking black wh
en your sugar is boiled to sugar again put to it this juice or rind of lemon
to it let it stand over a soft fire till all be be melted mingle it together but
be sure it do not boil after your juice is in for if it do your cakes will
never dry after you have put your juice and rind in when you see the sugar
disolved you may pour it out upon py[?] plates before it be dry fashion it out
like lozenges drop it out of your spoon like little cakes when they are
through cold take them off with the point of a knife
Take the roots being washed boil them in fair water the space of four [...]
till they be soft peel them clean as you do parsnips draw the pith67 out of
the end of the roots if theyre be some you cannot cut them out in halves
lay them in syrup when it cooleth add thereto a saucerful of rosewater81 a spoonful
of cinnamon water these must be infused with a grain43 of musk58
one night then stiaine[?] it into the syrup being more then half
could put in the roots to soak untill the next day they must not
be handled set them on the fire on a broad pan till they
be very hot they must not boil let them remain so an hour re
moving them softly with a slice this down have stn[?] readiness
great cap paper lay 1 the roots upon them strow97 sugar upon them
and under put them in a stove to harden
All sorts of cakes
Take half a peck of flour dry it in an oven after Manchets55
is drawn let it stand an hour or two when it is cold break in
two pounds of butter chafing it with your hand till you discern
no butter then put in five pounds of currants well picked
and washed dried in a hot cloth then put in half an ounce
of cinnamon three nutmegs three raises76 of ginger half
a pound of loaf sugar all finely beaten mix all them
with sugar your flour then take eight yolks and four
whites beat them well put them into the flour then
take a pint of ale yeast a wine quart74 of cold cream as
hot as it comes from the cow196 then mix it with your yeast put
it into your cake but not too stiff butter your cake with cold
butter lay it on let not your oven be hotter then for ManshetsLCD7990-n7
let it stand an hour in the oven be sure not to make it
too thin the finger thick is enough
Take 6 pounds of fine flour two pounds of butter one pint
of ale yeast as much new yest milk as will wet them boil
the milk and when its cold mingle them with the former ingrediants
and so let them be half an hour while your oven is hea
ting then take a pound of carrot comferls and three quarters
of a pound of sugar knead them into the paste set it into
the oven and according as you would have the cake bigger ad
vance your ingrediants you must strew rose water81 and sugar
and caraway comferls in the top
Take three pound and a half of fine flour dried three pound
of currants washed and dried half a pound of raisins of
the sun stoned and quartered one penny worth of cloves and
mace54 one pint of sweet cream one pound of butter the yolks
of ten eggs mix the spice and the flour and a quarter of
a pound of sugar and three quarters of a pint of ale yeast
Look that & the flour and the yolks of of eggs be well beaten
together till they cream rose water81 a quarter of a pint a little
salt put into the middle of the flour and stir it with your
hand cover it with the flour then let it rise put in the fruit
knead into it two grains43 of Amber grese3 whites of eggs rose water81 &
sugar to ice it the oven must be as hot as for household bread
Take a peck of flour six pound of raisins stoned and minced
six pound of currants of clove mace54 ginger cinnamon &
nutmegs all together and ounce and half a little salt
a pound of sugar and two pound of almonds beaten mingle
all together then put three pound of melted butter and
a pint and a half of ale yeast with a quart74 of cream
just warm to knead it well and put it in a warm
cloth let it stand and rise before the fire a little
then set it into the oven upon a brown paper with flour
on it when its almost baked ice it with rose water81
and sugar let it stand in the oven until the glazing be hard
Take a pick of fine flour and two pound of fresh butter rub it well
into the flour half an ounce of nutmegs mase54 and cinammon each as much
searsed86 and mixed with the flour then take out twelve eggs leave out half
the whites to these eggs add a pint of new ale yeast take a pint of sack
and half a pint of water warm it very hot but not so hot as to scald
beat a pound of almonds blanched put to them as much sugar as you think
your currants have lost in sweetness which proportion must be a pound of
currants mix all well together but take heed of breaking your currants let
it stand two hours in the oven
Take half a peck of fine wheat flour and bake it in an oven then take
two ounces of beaten sugar finely searesed86 two ounces of Marchbane197 pastsienlg[?]
beaten season it with Si sewater[?] and sugar nutmegs and a grain43 of musk58
one thimble full of the powder of lemons198 pill the yolks of four eggs beat
all these to a paste in a mortar then bake them in small cakes upon
a pie plate when they are baked ice them with rosewater81 and sugar
and let not the oven be too hot look often at them
Take a pound of blanched almonds and a pound of loaf sugar beat them
together till they be very small then beat into it two spoonfuls of rose
water81 make them up into what form you please put them into the oven
after all other things be drawn
Take a pound and a half of fine flour dried and searsed86 eleven ounces of bea
ten sugar searesed86 a small quantity of mase54 dried and searsed86 half a pound of
sweet butter spread it thin in a dish and work it well with rosewater81 then
take the yolks of five eggs new laid beat them well in the butter and
so mingle all these things together and make up your paste
Take half a pound of fine flour two ounces of butter rub it well
together until all the flour be dry mingled with it half a pound of searesd86
sugar one spoonful of caraway seeds work it all to paste roll them as th
in as paper warme the pie plate to bake them on take the yolk of an egg and
rose water81 beat them together wash your cake over with it when they are in
the oven risen and fallen again take them out loosen them from the pie plate
lay them upon paper dry them in the oven again at the first make the
oven as hot as for biscuit
Take a pecke of fine flour fifteen eggs break the whites and yolks together a
pound of sugar searsed86 and put the sugar into the eggs put it to aniseeds and pepper whole
a little salt and mould them as stiff as you can put no more liquid but make them
into crackenels199 pinch the sides with your knife or finger dip them in rose water81 set
on a pan of 2 gallons of water let it seath87 as fast as you can and put in your
crackenels199 strew some flour on a cloth and lay on it heat your oven and set them
in set not up the stone and when you think they rise put them down before they be hard
Take ten of the long Gordon allmons200 and a little bruised a marble mortar as much
gum dragon steeped in rose water81 two days as a little walnut take the white of a new
laid egg beat it with four or five twigs of browne stripped white 201 until it be turned
to froth let it settle a while then take less than a spoonful of the froth and put
to the almonds then give as much refined sugar searsed86 as will it make it
into a paste by beating the almonds sugar and eggs together long till the
almonds cannot be seen and it becomes a paste such as you make pies
on of the quantity of sugar of put in so much as will make it the stiffness of
paste roll it out very thin and lay on your mould then lay the paste be
ing printed on a paper with sugar under it then have a baking pan
ready pretty hot lay a paper to cover the bottom of your pan
then lay in a cake and cover your pan a little for it will be
soon baked and look it colour not and if it be not enough cover
it again uncovering it hurt it not at all thus you make the litet
loaurter only leave out the almonds and lay a little wafer under them you
must out in much for both cakes and locusts a few annaseeds265 and colian-
der seed for the locusts after this proportion you may make what
quantity of kake you please
Take four eggs half an onuce of five cinnamon
beaten beat them together a pound of pouder sugar finely
beaton: two pound of sweet butter work them together
pound of fine flour work all into paste beat them with
your hands put them [...]what largeness you will make them
with the touth of a great combe261 least they blister bake them
upon paper your oven must be as hot as for ManchetsLCD7990-n7
Take a pound of march paine stiff wrought with sugar
and mold it verey thin and and Cutt it with a wine glass
take a quart of double refined sugarJWM6885-n14 and wet it in water
and take it out presently set it on the fire and boil it
it to Candy then take the top of a baking pan and lay
a great many charcoal upon it and so anoint the lid of
your cake with it candy with a feather as soon as thats dry
turn them and lay as much one the other syde take
the white of 9 eggs beat it together put in a quantity of
fine sugar make it thick and
Take a pound of fine flour dresssed uery well a pound
of sugar three yolks of eggs one white a quarter of
a pound of butter one spoonfull of read rose water
two spoonfulls of corainder seeds bruisedbrused in a morter
having laid more then a quarter of an hour in white
wine vinigar then dry them in a cloth mingle this
all together working them up in a paste roll it thin
and cut them out by a platter or saucer tune in
the egg round about pick them and wash them over
with yolk of egg well beaten then put them one
dry papers and strewLS6454-n6 on them flour so bake them
not all together as soft as biscuit bread260
Take a pound of almonds blanched in cold water a pound
of double refined sugarJWM6885-n14 beaten small, beat your
almonds very small two hours at least, wet your past
often in Rose waterLCD7990-n2 when your almonds is finely beaten
put your sugar into the morter and a white of an egge beaten
to froth nothing besids the , put in a lithe Goumgdra
-ggon steaped in rose waterLCD7990-n2 and a little in uske amber
grease264 temper this well together in the morter and dry
them in a dish upon a chafing dish of coal till
it be still enough to roll, lay it on a paper and
beate it with a pestle and then make your Jumballs
butter your paper a little with sweet butter and let
your butter be as hot as for Machets be carefull
they be not too much coullered
Take a pound and a half of wheat flour take half a
pound of sugar and some what mroe a pound of
Butter a little quantaty of mace wash the butter in Ros
water put the butter in could work it together
till the butter be well mixed take one egg beat it very
well two spoonfulls of rose waterLCD7990-n2 put it in mix it
well with the rest make it vp into little round cakes
as soon as they are made put them soon into theouen
let it be not hotter then for biscuit
Take half a peck of wheat flour one pound and a half of butter knead
it cold breaking the butter in pieces them working it very well together then put
in three pound of currants half an ounce of mase half a quarter of cloves
a pound of sugar a quarter of an ounce of sinamon six yolks of
eggs almost a pint of aleAKMH2521-A-2 and a pint of aleAKMH2521-A-2 let it be hot first mix
all these together except it be the currants and sugar and take two parts of
thepaist and work the currants and sugar together than take the other third
paste and work the paste and make two sides to cover the sides cakes bake
your knife and cut your cake round about as you do a loaf when
[Page f.23v]you have set it in the oven there must be no currants in the last third
part for the couert
Take of a quarter of a pound of blanched almonds bet with
Rose waterLCD7990-n2 four yolks of eggs to four of them fouer
spoonfulls of rose waterLCD7990-n2 apd and a quarter of fine
sugar a pound of butter a spoonfull of beaten maceAKMH2521-n11
as much fine flour as the butter will make up in past
Take three store of blanced almond abd beat them very
well take to them as much gumgdraggon steeped in rose
water as twice the top of your thumb and beat it with almonds
and a little miske and as much amber greaseAGS0040-n7 take a pound
of loaf sugarAKMH2521-n4 beat it and sear it put it in a pretty
quantity into the morter so much as will make it very stiff
then take a little out of the morter and make it so stiff as it
will roll like paste, then take some molder of trees of
beasteTreacle a piece very thin and put in the mold ⟨&⟩ and press
them hard in it so that they may take the impression then
when you have sodon lay it upon paper bake it in bak
-ing pans take the white of an egg beat it in a morter
ice the cakes
Take five pound of ManchettLCD7990-n7 very light without
salt and let it rise a little lying awhile take three pound
and a half of butter work it into paste strewLS6454-n6 in some
flour into it as you work it take five or six eggs &
work amongst it, when your oven is hot that you are ready
to make it up: worke in a pound of Carroway Comforts[[undefined AJM2014]]
the lighter the paste is the better: housing made it up let
it stand and house and a quarter in the oven when it is
drawen cover it with a cloth till it be cold
Take a pound of the best almods lay them in cold water
a day and a night, blanchblance them put them into a stone morter
while you are beating put to it a spoonfull of rose waterLCD7990-n2
to keep them from tiling when they are bet enough pat
them in a silver dish and set them one some coals
keep them stirring till they are like grated bread
then let your almonds stand till they are cold then take
a pound of double refined sugar beaten and searced86
through a tiffany104 searce86 stir your sugar and almonds
together then take the whites of ten eggs with which
make them froth as your froth rises take it off and put
[...] in a dish by it self let it stand and put in of it as
much as will make it drop from your spoon beat it well
drop them on wafers set them in an oven not too hot
Take one pound of almonds laid all night in fair water
blanch them the next morning in cold water then dry them
in a cloth and cut out all the yellow spots beat them well
in rose water to keep them from oiling take one pound
of double refined sugar searsed86 very well and mix with
the almonds, the white of eight eggs very well beat into
it take off the froth set the dish on a chafeing dish222 of
coal till it be something hot stirring it continually
put in a grain43 of musk58 dissolved in rose water81 and mix
it well with the rest put this froth in little cakes upon
pyr[?] plates being buttered over very thin preserve a little
of your sugar to sift upon them when you set them in the oven nn
they begin to colour at the bottom loosen them with a knife
from the plate so let them stand till they be a little
hardened but not to colour them then put them into an oven again when
it is a little warm let them stand all night
Take and prepare some good new ale yeast and put it in fair
water and stir it well and let it lie all night in water, the next
morning power out the water from the yeast take a pint of
the said yeast and one gallon of flour season it with salt
and put to it a quantity of sweet milk223 as much as will wet
strain it into your flour and work it in to a lump then
let it stand a while and work as it sets then make it
[...] of manchet 55 and let them stand a while to work then
putthem put them in a quick oven and let them stand
an hour
Take half a peck of flour mingle with it half a pint of new ale
yeast somewhat more a pint of water as much salt as will salt it then put it
in with both your hands very well then put the flour in another place of the
table and throw a handful of flour butter upon the and mould it [...]
till that being done divide it into eighteen parts still using flour to
keep it from sticking and put it into as many dishes of wood which [...]
[...] must be buttered very well and cast the flour on the top of them then
cover them close with a warm cloth that the manchet 55 may oyre[?] when you
have done all that have a quick oven and turn the manshet 55 right out
of the dishes into the oven and set them as close as you can and let them
stand as close as three quarters of one hour and when they are drawn chip
them while they are hot
Take 4 new laid eggs beat them a quarter of ^an^ hour in a
glazed earthen pot put to them ten spoonfuls of rose
water 81 beat it a quarter of an hour longer then put
six spoonfuls more of rose water 81 beat it a quarter
of an hour longer then put one pound of lose sugar
down weight finely beaten beat it half an hour
longer then put in half a pound of London flour
beat it till it is well mixed butter your coffins 27 drop in
a good spoonful set them in as fast as you can let
your oven be as hot as for white bread it must be
a clay oven
Take eight quarts of fine flour dry it in an oven rub it
well take 4 pound of currants two pound of butter rub
the butter in the flour one pint of cream boil &
cold again one pound of almonds blanched & beaten
one pint of yeast half a pound of sugar beaten
one pint of yeast half a pound of sugar beaten
season it with mace 54 and cloves nutmeg and salt
two grams of musk 2 amber greace one glass of sack 82
one glass of rose water 81 mix these together set it before
the fire to rise bake it in a rim you may let it stand
two hours and a half in the oven you may ice it
if you please
Take a peck of very fine flour two pound of sweet butter
six pound of currants to a quarter of an ounce of mace 54
a quarter of an ounce of cinnamon five nutmegs one
pound and a half of fine sugar let your spices and
sugar be very finely beaten your currants washed picked
and dried put your spices into your flour a little salt
mingled well together, put your butter in thin slices put in
your currants and sugar mingle them well together put
in two spoonfuls of rose water 81 a pint of good ale yeast
put in as much cold cream that is thick and sweet as will
make it into a paste work it very well when you have done
put your paste into a hot lining cloth set it a while before
the fire mould it upon a table take a broad wooden prall[?] lay
a sheet of brode paper stow it with flour lay your paste
on fashion it into a cake prick it with a bodkin 14 let it go
down into the bottom then with a feather anoint the cake
with melted butter strew good sugar finely beaten upon
it set it in an oven that will not scorch
Take half a prick of fine flour dry it in the oven after
the manchets 55 is drawn let it stand an hour or 2 when
it is cold put it in two pound of butter chafing it under
your hands till you cannot perceive it then put in four
of currant well picked washed and dried in a cloth that
[...] hot, halfe an ounce of cinnamon 3 nutmegs 3 races 231 of
ginger half a pound of lose sugar all finely beaten mi ngle
all in your flour take eight eggs four of the whites beat
them well put them in the flour take a pint of ale
yeast a quart of cream you must boil it stir it with a
spoon, if in winter put in your cream as hot as you can endure
your finger mix it with your yeast temper it until you can
make it up but not to stiffle butter your paper lay it on
a peel 232 fashion your cake let your oven be not hotter then
for manchets 55 take rose water 81 thicken it with sugar
wash your cakes with it set in the oven let your cake be
3 fingers thick is best
Take 6 eggs to a pound ofloaf sugar beat them and yolks
together to afeots mingle them with a pound offlour
or and one ounce of Caraway seeds a grain of musks set
them in a quick oven upon till to plates>
Take 6 eggs to one pound of sugar and beat them as
the former with apoundfulof rosewater mingle in
it but 12 ounces of flour no seeds. Put in agrain
of muskbake them in coffins
Take 1 ounce of gumdragon lay it in four or 5 spoonfullsspoun
fulls of rosewaterwhen it is wellsoaked straina good
spoonful>of it intoa stone mortarand beat in it thebest part
of a white of an egg temper in it halfa pound of loaf
sugar very finely beaten sifted make it up in fine
cakes set them in an oven very slackholes
Take ½ a pack of fine floura pound of butter a pound of sugar
caraway comforls 3 nutmegs a quarter of a pint of rose
water a little sleper non ale yosthalf a pinta littlewater
bloodwarmput it to your flour in theworking
put in your Caraways melt thebutter before youcut it
>Take gumdragon lay it in steep in rose water till
it be all soft but make it not lon thick take
sugarsourcedfine to temper well with yourgummake
it not toostiff it will not coolout ifyouwill have
collared/yo>/ex>umilk take yellow marigoldflowers
or saffron for greenthe>leavesof marigolds gemd
them with the end of a woodenpestle [...]
wet not too muchat a time let it dry toofast
then it will notcool out when its cooledthen put
it upon yourmould press it down in every swift to
print it asyougrindtheflowers put a little
sugar to them
Take to onepoundful of apricots2 pound of sugar
pair them laythema later of them a new layer
of sugar. Let them stand 3 or 4 daysboilthem veryeasilyso pot them
>Takeapricotsstone themparethem as thin as pos
sible you can pick out all specks set on a posnit
of water
Take 6 yolks and whites beatthem in woodenbowl
take a quarter of an hourput to them a pound of sugar
sourcedand beat on together a long hourput
to them half a pound of fineflour& 200g
grams of milkbring steeped in rose water
beat this togetherwhilst you oven is a heating
when it is as hot as for manchils butter yourpans
put inyourbread set them in the oven
Take a pound of Jordan Almonds wash them very cle
an and blanch them out of hot water into cold drythem
in a cloth put them into amortarwith a wooden pes
tle till they be prettysmall put in a spoonful
of damaskrose water beat them again till they
beprettydry to Continue beating them putting in
rose water till they be small, take a pound of
refined sugar letsome more them halfbe finely
beatenscorched& put to youralmonds stir them take themout of themortarmake little Cakes ofthemput them in
glass then dust a sheet of paper withscorchedsugar
to lay them on then have a baked pan with charcoal
kindled very choare lay youcakes on the top of it let
them soe stand til youseethem white and hard then
take themoffset them a cooling set the coure
of the pan oure the themtill they be dry on
the other side
Take a pound of fine beaten sugar a pound of manchil
Crumbs as much souredginger as youthink good beat
them alltogethertill they come to a fine pastemake
them up as youplease in fine cinnamonand sugar
Take a pound of fine floura pound of sugarfinely
beaten and sourced30 eggs 15 whites the sugar must
be put to the eggs and melted before youput in the eggs
flourput in the flourbeat it together 2 hours
butter the Cofins very thin with a feather then will your
coffinshalffull, heat theoven as hot as for manchils
set brown paper which will keep them from burning
then Close upyouroven some what close it must
not bake highcolouredwhen it is well risen take it
out of the coffins with a knife set it into the oven
againtill they be thoroughly baked or welldried
which will be an a quarter of an hour
Takethecurd of 3 quarts of new milk cloane wheycut it
into a little fine flour then take arace of ginger slice
it put it to curd and a little salt; take a pint of yost put
to it 10 eggs 3 of the whites let these be as muchflour as
will make it into a paste then put it into a hot cloth lay it
before the fire to rise whilstyour oven is heating make
it into a loaf when it is baked cut it in thetop put in some
melted butter and sugar
Take a pack of flourof the finest and 3 pound of
butter or 6 pound break the butter in pieces into the
flour let it be crumby take
6 or 7 pound of currants an ounce of nutmegs a
quarter of an ounce of cloueb and as much mace
1 pound of sugar or one pound of milk cumfils in
stead of sugar a spoonful of salt a quart of cream
or no cream then one half & halves the other cold
a quarter a quarter of a pint or half a pint of sack
and four eggs or none a pint of good new ale yeast
or a quart steamed or not mingle all these together
knead it all together knead it no longer than it be mingled
set it before a hot fire in a wooden bowl cover it with
a clean cloth let it stand till it be well risen which will
be in half an hour or little more this quantity will
make two great cakes when the are almost baked
draw them to the mouth of the oven ice them with
rose water83 and sugar have a card while they are any
thing hot they be not covered nor handled it will
make it heavy you may put under the paste ordinary
meall to keep the bottom from burning the oven
must be very well heated they must stand 3 hours
they will continue good a quarter of an hour
take 4 pound of flour and 4 pound of currants 2
pound of raisins stoned spread 2 pound of butter
half a pint of yeast when the oven is heating then ming
le it with thick cream take it up pretty thick light
put in mace54 cinnamon nutmeg cover it with paste
and a bowl it
take a pound of the finest wheat flour twice sear
ced192 one pound of currants a quarter of sugar a little
nutmeg a little saffron the yolks of 4 eggs a little rosewater83
mingle your cake with sweet thick cream put in your
eggs and saffron sugar finely beaten when your paste
is made beat it very well with a rolling pin roll
very thin take your currants rosewater83 nutmegs
lay them upon your paste strow97 them upon paste a little
fine sugar upon them cover them with your thin paste
so cloth25 them up cut them with your edging scons193
set them in your oven
take 9 or 10 gallons of new milk set it on the fire till it be ready
to boil scum84 of the moals set it into several pans take all the
froth of it offit let it stand till it is so cold you can scarce endure
your hand in it you must have a plate full of holes some fine
sugar sifted good store of musk58 amber grease3 finely beaten
mingle with the sugar have some rose waterLCD7990-n6 a branch of[Page f.27v]rosemary take off your scum84 from one of your pans lay it on
your in front of your cabbage16 with your rosemary sprinkle
some rose water upon them strew97 a little sugar upon rose
too betwixt every layer till you have made it as big as half
a cabbage16 serve it upon a clean plate heat your milk as
oft as you please till it be big enough
take 1 pound of fine flour a pound of loose sugar finely
beaten 1 pound of currants plump them let them cool
a quarter of an ounce of mace a pound of sweet butter
crumble the butter in cold work it well then put in 8 eggs
well beaten with a spoonful of rose water83 so work all together
butter a paper lay them on this quantity will make 24
let your oven be no hotter not to burn bran
take a pint & a half of great oatmeal a
reasonable quantity of cloves & mace54 & cinnamon
an ounce of sugar then take a wine quart of new
milkand make it boiling hot & mix all well with
the forementioned ingredients so let it stand all
night then take a pound & a half of beef suet
finely shred three quarters of a pound of raisingsAGS0040-n5
of the sun and half a pound currants mix all these
well together & put them into a basin & first cover
it over with a thin paste & afterwards with a cloth
put over it then tie it fast at the bottom of the basin
& when the water boils put it in & let it boil 5 or six hours
take the flesh of beef or mutton & take the
skins out of it & then beat it in a mortor very
well then take all the little bits of skins out then
put it in the mortor & beat it in again then shred
some suet and put into it and beat it again and
put two or three eggs as you think convenient
with pepper maceAKMH2521-n11 & cloves & tomato pepper beat
very small and ale & to fill your skins
take a couple of white herring salt as they are and
skin them & take out the bones & mash it very small
and take as much suet as herring & mince57 it then
some parsley and sweet marjoram and thyme and
shred them & so mix it all together and so store the
leg of mutton & roll it in the kell & so roast it
take shops suet that which is freest from skins
and shred very small & beat an egg and mix it
with water and a little ginger so knead your
pastry with it and put in suet your discretion
boil your water you mask with and stir it very well
throw on no coldwater without your malt be high
coloured cool the water a little before you throw it
on then let it stand four hours and let it off then
boil the wort three flowers and put to every new
bowl of malt a quarter of a pound of hops and so
have water already boiled and cooling to put on for your small
beer and stir the mask as you did at first and let it
stand an hour covered up and so let off and boil it
with a few fresh hops and the other together so work
it as you do the ale letting it be coldbefore you put yeast to
it and shire the ale from the grounds and let the grounds
drop through a flannel bag and when you brew strong beer
put to every hogs head 3 old bowls of malt and to every
bowl of malt a pound and a quarter of hops some beer
malt and some oat malt and when you have put it to
work put the grounds and all together and when you turn
put in a bag of beans and two or three eggs and a scell193
full of raw wort to make it mild or when it is working
you may put in two or 3 bowls of brandy to make it
strong mild and pleasant
Take a couple of white herring salt as they are and
Skin them & take out the bones & mash it very small
and take as much suet116 as herring & minceEB6866-n10 it then,
some parsley and sweet marjoram and thyme
and shred them & mix it all together and so stop111 the
leg of mutton & roll in the kell112 & so roast it
Take chops suet110 that which is freest from skins
and shred very small & beat an egg and mix it
with water and a little so knead your
paste with it and put in suet your descretion
Boil your water you mask113 with and stir it very well
throw on no cold water without your malt so high
coloured, but rouse the water a little before you throw it
on let it stand four hours and let it off, then
Boil the wort three hours, and put to every new
bowl of malt a quarter of a pound of hops and so
have water ready boilt and cooling to put on for your small
beer and stir the mask as you did at first, and let it
stand an hour covered up and so let off and boil it
and a few fresh hops and the other together, so work
it as you do the ale letting it be cold before you put yeast to
it and shire the ale from the grounds and let the grounds
drop throw a flannel bag, and when you brew strong beer
put to every hogshead 3 old bowls of malt and to every
bowl of malt a pound and a quarter of hops some beer malt and Some Oat Malt and when you have put it to
Worke; put the grounds and all together, and when you Turn
put in a bag of beans, and two or three eggs, and a shellful
138 of row wort, to make it mild, or when it is working
you may put in two or 3 bowls of brandy to make it
strong mild and pleasant
Take syrup of horehound114 of hyssop115 of liquorice134 of each
an ounce and take thereof every morning a spoonful
or two
Take of species distragacanthi frigidi123, three drams diaireos124
simplex one dram and a half powder of liquorice134 two
scruples117 powder of elecampane118 and flower of sulpher119
of each one scruple five ounces of fine sugar dissolved
in a little coltsfoot120 water then mix and beat together to
a paste and make them into little cakes like lozenges121
Take 4 feet take out the bones put them into a quart74 of
water and a pint of white wine 2 ounces of sugar
candy and an ounce of powder of hartshorn slice44
4 dates and [...] a little rosewater81 let them boil
till a third part be consumed then strain it out and [...] it in a consumption or any pining in the body
or weakness
Take 3 pennyworth64 of Pilicoasha139 and half it and
roll it in bits take the half at night when you
go to bed and the other half in the morning fasting
and drink warm posset drink70 after
Take two handfuls of sage two handfuls of rosemary
two handfuls sweet marjoram two handfuls of betony
two handfuls of scurvy-grass85 and dried orange skins
put all into a diet drink bag turn it up in 16 quarts of
drink it for your constant drink
Plantain122 is good for the flux hot dropsy and cools outward
inflamations water of violets is good for soreness in the body
cools the liver & reins131 water of fennel is good to make a
fat body lean and for wind in children water of radishes is
good for the stone132 water of saxifrage125 good for the Stone and
procures urine water of rosemary is good to wash the head to
make hair grow 2 ounces of this water drink drives out
poison and is good for fits of the mother water of walnuts
is good for the mother and the spleen fasting water of eyebright126
is good for the eyes being washed every morning well strangely127
clear the sight and strengthen the sight water of foalfoot128
is good in colds rosewater81 is a great cordial dragon water129 is
good against infection and comfort the stomach water of
wormwood is good for a cold stomach water of sorrel is good in
fevers and hot diseases water of Strawberry leaves is good
in fevers water of spearmint is good for one that is
subject to vomit and for sick fits drink with a little sugar
water of fumitory is good for any sick person and for the heat of the
liver black cherry water provokes urine heals the dropsy
it is usually given in diseases of the brain and convulsions
falling sickness130 palsy and apoplexy water of marigolds
it helps diseases in the eyes and takes away pains in the head
Take rosin135 and perrosin of each a quarter of a pound
deer suet a quarter of a pound virgin wax136 & frankincense
of each half a quarter of a pound of mastic half an ounce
a dram of camphor half of a quarter of a pound of Venice
turpentine137 one quart74 of white wine beat the rosin and
perrosin and mastic put all in a clean pan but the wine
and turpentine and camphor let them boil on a soft
fire very slowly an hour put in the camphor and let all
boil a quarter of an hour longer very softly strain it
into a basin put in the turpentine and wine stirring it
with a stiff stick till it is cold so make it up in
rolls
It is good for all old wounds its changing and well sling it in
engendered267 flesh and heals as much as any can do its good for
the head and singings in the brain for all manner of –
impostumes268 in the head or body for the boiling in the ears –
for all achings in the joints for sinews shrunk 269 draw out
any broken bones in wounds it heal all manner of –
botches its good to make scar cloths for all gouts and aches
and pestilent patch its sprang sinews270 you must apply it thus
warm your knife well at the fire and the cool likewise -
spread it thin on the rough side of Sheeps leather prick it well
with a knives point lay it warm to the place afflicted it
will raise blisters on some when it has drawn it sufficiently
it will draw it away when taken inwardly in pills65.It
cures fluxes, and plasters applied to the stomach [...] and navel
helps digestion eases pains in stomach and belly ~
its good for pain in the back or sides being applied plaster
wise upon leather.
Take honey sweet oil and white lead of each alike
quantity and work up to an oil anoint the place
Take syrup of cowslips 2 spoonful one spoonful -
and a half of Diacodium274 put this in a draft of –
posset70 drink going to bed drink it warm.
Dragons mugwort Agrimony betony Roman-wormwood
pimpernel fumitory Rue celandine burmit balm275 sorell
featherfoil276 Scabious Cardus sage marigolds Spanish angelics
wild poppy's hearts ease tormentil mints scordium borage
buglas15 of each, half a pound of rosemary 1 pound alicom-
pain roots, butter burn roots of each a quarter of a pound
coriander seeds cardamoms cubebs Caraway’s sweet fennel
seeds18. Aniseed cloves mace54 galangal nutmegs gentian
dietamus roots Virginia snake roots mithridate Venice treacle
ginger of each and ounce zedoary or capor lily
barbary's juniper berries cowslips gillyflowers of each
4 ounce English saffron 2 drams cypress roots grains
of paradise of each one ounce distil them in
alembic with 3 gallons of the best nance brandy.
Take four quarts74 of brandy of the best sugar one pound and a half coriander
seed 2 ounces cinnamon one ounce half pound almonds blanelied and beaten in a mortar
with a little sugar to keep them from oiling a dozen cloves beaten 2 pipings
paired and sliced the pill65 of one and the lemon strained let all these infuse toge
ther three hours and then run it through a thick flannin bag the bag
must be steeped in milk
Put on to this dregs a bottle and a half of white wine and infuse it
only adding a few almonds putting it through a bag with a little amber
grease3 a few coriander seeds
Take four quarts74 of brandy and eight ounces of cinnamon beat it small put it
into your brandy let it infuse 24 hours in a pot over a gentle fire your pot
being close luted so set it in a pan of water then take it out put it into your
still lute up your still so draw it of piting into your bottle half a pound of
sugar draw of three quarts74 and a gill40 keeping your still cool with wet
cloths
Take poppy buds in bloom a piece 1 pound raisins of
the sun stoned 1 pound of figs slit 1/2 pound of dates
2 ounces of liquorice 2 ounce of aniseeds 3 quarts74
of a quantity infused all for 30 days in the sun then
put it in a still with a quart74 of fair water or rose
water81 1 pound of loaf sugar53
3 quarts74 of sake82 2 quarts74 of brandy 1 quart74 of spir-
it of wine if you have it if not 3 quarts74 of brandy 1/2
of saffronyou may draw of this 2 quarts74 strong and
2 quarts74 small
Take 4 quarts74 of brandy put in 2 pound of Juniper
berries 1 ounce cinnamon and let it steep 24 hours so
still it in alembic
Take a red cock pull281 him alive cut him asunder280
take out the guts dry up the blood with a cloth quarter
and break his bones take 2 handfuls of pimpernel one
handful of rosemary tops 1 handful motes of thyme
1 handful of pennyroyal 1 handful of sweet margarine 1
pound of currants picked cubed in a cloth a quarter
of a pound of raisins of the sun 1 date stoned
the whites picked of 6 blades of large mace54 3 pints
of good Canary sake17 the order of laying them in
your still lay in the herbs then your cock next the dates
and spill your fruit upon the top pour in your wine past [?] you still very close. Stilling it with a gentle fire in
24 hours it will be enough put into the glass under
it[?] still 1/2 pound of white sugar candy when you have
a pint of water pour it forth let your glass with
you sugar remain keep the first pint by itself
the next you may mix for a consumption
Take cubebs galingale cardamoms mace nutmegs
cloves ginger cinnamons of each 4 drams beat these
to powder take millet flowers bugloss borage marigold
flower of each four drams 2 quarts of the
juice of celandine a pint of juice of spearmint
a pint of juice of balm put all these into 8 quarts
of brandy let them steep all night still them either
in alembic or cold still take the water no longer
then it comes strong take eight quarts of spring
water 3 pound and a half of sugar set it on to
boil take 4 whites of eggs a pint of water beat
them till they froth put in half of your eggs trim clean[?]
when it rises to the top put in the rest of the eggs when
it is hard skin it let it boil half and put into
abaton let it stand till it be cold mix all your other
water together, put as much syrup to it as will make
it of good strength to your taste let it settle put the
clear into bottles pass the thick through a paper and
a funnel
Take 3 pints of sack 1 pint of brandy 1 pint of
the juice of celandine half a gill of the juice
balm half a gill of juice of mint one dram
cubebs 1 dram galingale 1 dram of cardamoms of
mace cinnamon ginger of each 2 drams of clove
gillyflowers rosemary flowers bugloss flowers
cowslip borage millet flower of each 2 drams
saffron 3 pennyworth. mix them all together Let
them stand 24 hours close-stopped put them
into a still still them very cool put the fine
sugar into a bottle let it drop into it
Madam Jane Loraine.
Take 3 pints of the best white wine 1 pint of aquauity
1 pint of the juice of celandine cardamoms millet
flowers cubebs galingale nutmegs mace ginger cloves
of each of them one dram mingle all the
spices bring[?] beaten to powder with the juice
put them in a pot let it stand all night being
close-stopped till the morning still it with a soft fire
as can be, the still being close-stopped and pasted in a
cold still put half a pound of white sugar candy
beaten into the receiver
Take cloves galingale cubebs mace cinnamon nutmegs ginger
of each 1 dram juice of celandine half a pint of aguauity
one pints of white wine 3 pints Infuse them 24 hours
distil them in a alembic to 2 pints
Take galingale cubebs ginger millet cardamoms mace
nutmegs of each a dram juice of celandine half a pint
mingle all these made into powder with the juice of and
a pint of aguauity 12 pints of white wine 1 pint of
sack put all these into a stillatory of glass let it stand
a night and a day still it with a very easy fire this water[?]
is of secret nature if the lungs be perished, it cures them
it suffer else not the blood to putrefy but increase it mightily
it suffer not the heart to be burnt with melancholy
expel the rheum it profit the stomach and the
memory it dissolve the palsy in tongue[?] or joints in summer
a spoonful at a time fasting in the morning in winter
Take a pint of mint water a pint of rosewater a pint
rosemary water half a pint aniseed water half a pint
of angelica water half a pint of cinnamon water half
a pint rosa solis otherwise heartsease put in half a
pint syrup clove gillyflowers half a pound loaf sugar
finely beaten brew it well together stop it close when
you use it put leaf gold
Take 3 quarts of brandy put it in an earthen pot take
two dozen of oranges cut them in pieces meat and all
together put them to the brandy let them stand all
night close-covered next morning still it in a alembic
or cold still sweeten it with double refined sugar
when you go to still it you may put half as much
water into your still it makes it cool in the mouth
Take balm, leaves and stalks of burnet leaves & flowers
of rosemary tormentil leaves & flowers rid rose carnation
hyssop trims rid string that grow unsavoury rid
fennel leaves & roots rid mints cowlips, from buds
of each a handful bruise them a little put them in
a great earthen glazed pot put as much white wine
as will cover them let them soak 4 or five days take
cinnamon ginger nutmegs cloves saffron of each
an ounce with an ou a quantity of aniseeds one
pound of great saffrons one pound of sugar 1/2 pound
of dates the hinder parts of an old rabbit a flesh
running capon the red flesh of a leg of mutton
with the sinews 3 young pigeons 12 larks the yolks of
12 eggs a loaf of white bread cut into sops musk
add in as much as will distil all these put to it 2
or 3 ounces of milk rid all or as much benus break o
distil it with a moderate fire, keep the first water
by itself, the 2 alone when there comes no
more with strength take up the alembic put in more
wine upon the same still it again you shall have another
good water you must keep the water in a double glass
it is a restorative of principals it defends against persistent
diseases dropsy spleen black or yellow jaundice worms
a gullet swellings fortify the spirits strengthen the brain
head stomach liver taking 2 or 3 spoonfuls at a time
either by itself or ale or beer wine or b sugar help
digestion break wind stop lask and bind not
it is doctor Augustins,
Take 4 gallons of ale mint angelica203 of each half a pound
sage half a pound one pound of balmy ginger203 mace &
cloves207 nutmegs cinammon cububs galingall of each, car
away seeds fennel seeds anil seeds204 of each 2 ounces
beat all, that's to be beaten steep it all night in the ale
still it all night in an alembic
Take a cock & boil him have a gallon of broth 2 ounces
of cheny206 put in with the cock a quarter of an ounce of
saffron borage bugloss socory220 balm 1 handful of each
dry them before the fire a little put them in the broth when
it's cold put in a pint of new milk a pint of white wine
2 handfuls of snails out of the shells washed well in claret
wine put them all in the still past it draw draw 2 or 3
quarts of it
Take as much mint or balm as you will make at a
time beat it well put it into an alembic or cold still with
3 or 4 quarts of brandy steep it a day and a night, be
fore you still it let it drop into a bowl with do the refined
sugar draw it off as long as it has any strength
Take your lemon or orange pits clean from the whites
steep them in brandy if you please a week as you have
enough to make it strong so order your quantities still
it in a cold still or alembic let it drop upon sugar
in the bowl put in water with it to make it cool in the
mouth
Take roses or damask roses208 fill your still pretty full -
take lavender knops a good handful alicompaãne
root dead orris roots214 each alike quantity bruise them
grossly with as many cloves207 mace cinammon nutmeg
all sorts of sweet herbs stowed above the roses
still them tie muslin in the bolle
Jane Loraine 1684
Take a pot of strong ale wort202 as it comes of put to
it damask rose208 leaves pink marjoram212 sweet
brier lavender tops spearmint of these to your
filtration put twice as much of the flowers as herbs
benjamin 2 ounces beat to a powder mace and nutmeg
of each half an ounce cloves207 a quarter of an
ounce these must be beaten to powder still these in a
cold still tie in every bowl a little muslin a
cloth
Take half a peck215 of pulled roses 2 ounces and
a half benjamin 1 ounce of orris214 4 ounces &
a half storax221 one dram209 of cloves207 beaten grossly
mingle together take a handful of sweet marjoram212
picked as much base 2 ounces and a half of lav
ender mingle these amongst the rose leaves
lay all in the still mingle the powder amongst
them when its almost stilled put in 3 grams
of musk made fine mingle it in a little rose
water vinegar strewed on the sack it must
stand an hour in the still
Still morrlays with the best white wine a sprig
or 2 of rue218 in it its a great cordial so still it with new
milk so is strawberry stilled with new milk
Take 3 gallons and a half of the best cask wine
put into it 1 pound of anil seeds204bruised a pound of
liquorice sliced and bruised 2 pound raisons of the
sun stoned wiped nutmeg ginger longpepper
galingall of each 1 ounce cloves207 4 ounces cinammon
as much. all these are to be sliced very thin sugar 1 pound sweet fennel seeds of caraway
of dill and coriander of each 1 ounce bruise
all these together with 1 ounce of orris214 take rose
mary lavender wild thyme camomile sweet marjoram212
[Page f.35r]of each 1 handful rosa solis219 1 handful all the hearts
must be picked dried in a cloth pellitory216 of the wall
and peniriell215 of each a handful of fennel parsley of each a
a handful 2 handfuls alicompaine roots which must
be picked & washed and scraped this must be put in
close stopped 2 days and 2 nights still it in an alembic
drop it on white sugar candy, beaten small put it
in your bowls
Take 3 pints quarts of white wine 1 quart of sack two
ounces cinnamon 5 great nutmegs or six little ones
6 races of ginger slice all these put to them half
an ounce of longpepper beaten, let all these stand
in the wine all night in an earthen pot covered
close in the morning set it on the fire make
it blood warm put in a quarter of a pint of new
milk let it run through a bag, when the spices
is in your wine put in 2 pounds of sugar also
Take damask roses208 gathered dry, stamp them well
put them into an earthen or wooden vessel pressing
them down till your vessel be well-nigh full, close
up your vessel set it 2 months and more in a cellar
till you perceive it smell somewhat sour like
wine which shall be your sign when it has stood
long enough take out so many as your alembic will hold dust
them as you don other herbs take out your dregs put as much
more of your soured roses pour into them the water you have
distilled so distil the same till they be dry taking out the dregs
put to it the form again put in more of your roses put the wat
er into them still it over again till you have done all out
of them when you have thus drawn out all the water put it
into an alembic or glass still draw about a pint this is your
spirit it will burn it will like a quantity the rest of your
water in the alembic is better than your ordinary rose water
which you may make the better if you will clean
the dregs of all your roses ashes let your water run
0through the same often being put into a pipocras[?]243 bag thus
you may spirit of violets or any other flowers especially such
as are odiferous
take 2 gallonsof sack82 a pound of cinnamon one pound of kitchen
sugar one handful of rosemary flowers steep them for hour
so still them in an alembic234
Take a gallon of small aqauity242 put it in an earthen vessel
put to it a quantity of good canary sack17 1 pound of raisons stoned
not mashed a quarter of a pound of dates sliced with the whites
out two ounce cinnamon bruised still it
Take a glass of balm water take geliflowers cut off the whites let
them upon a paper 2 or 3 days put a good quantity of them
of [balm] water let them infuse until the geliflowers have lost
[their] colour put the water from the flowers put fresh flowers
in again still changing them until the water detains the perfect
colour of the flowers which done add to them a good quantity
of white sugar candy235 as much musk58 and ambergris3 as
will pleaseyour taste keep it close stopped from the air
Take pottle71 of sack put in Clary bruised still it in a
alembic234 take the water put it in again with a pint of
juice of Clary still over again
Jane Loraine49
Take a pottle of Malego sack82 or Canary17 put in half a dozen
nutmegs prick them full of holes with a great needle put in a
quarter of a pound of white sugar candy235 beaten a quarter of a
pound of the best lap dates245 peeling off the white skin quarter them
put them in the sack and a pint of red rose water81
stop it very close in a stone bottle that has an indifferent
wide mouth, shake them very well together after they
have stood 24 hour's drink of it every morning an hour
before you rise the nutmegs & will serve half
the quantity of sack82 again put in the fresh sugar
candy235 and fresh rose water81
Take 3 gallons water let it boila quarter of an hour
a pound of raisins of the sun slit them a pound of
sugar 5 lemons sliced the pills65 put them in a stone
pot pour your water boiling from the fire to them
so let it stand 4 days but cover it not until it go cold
let it run through a jely bagg or a hairtems233 bottle
it close and cork it tie it up with selh bury them in
and 2 weeks you may drink it if you please put a sprig
of rosemary in the pot with the raisins
Take 3 gallons of water a pound of raisins stoned
pound of sugar 2 lemons a sprig of rosemary set
in the water, let it boila quarter of an hour as
soft as it can then pour it on to the ingredients
set it by but do not cover it for 4 days then strain
it, bottle it up you may drink it a week after
Take a bushel of pickled cowslips, 5 gallons of fair run
ing water, 2 pound of malico raisins241 washed rubbed shed
put all these into a great tub, cover it with a clean sheet &
blanket set it where it may have a little air of the fire
so let it stand 9 days but you must be carefulto stir it
down with a stick often toward the latter end, for it
will work up then strain it through a hair sieve put it in
a little sunlight keep it until bartholomew tide238 before it be
ready to drink or michaelmas then it is best
Take 3 gallons of strong ale a peck of cowslip flowers
let it stand a week in a steep then put in a pound of ani
seed & a pound of liquorice, sliced, a little longpeper239
a handful of dragonwort237 as much chamomile & mother of
of thyme pellitory of the wall236 marigolds a pound of
raisins stoned as many currants put all these masyme244
still it with a soft fire put it into a narrow mouthed
glass put to it a pound of sugar candy235 2 nutmegs
sliced 12 clover a little mace54 & cinnamon some fresh
cowslips flowers a gram of ambergris3as much
suet 2 leaves of gold when all these things is in the
glass stopped close set it in the sun for a fortnight shake
it every day
Take cowslips pick them take water to your discretion boil
it pour it on hot off your fire cover it up let it stand
near the fire when you set it off a yellow colour & strong
of the cowslips let it run through a jely bagg into an
earthen pot, put some sugar into your bottle so cork it
up close, let it be 2 months or thereabouts old before
you drink it
Take to every pound and 1/2 of raisins a quart74 of water
put them into a tub together the raisins whole unbruised
put a slate on the tub, so as no air may come in within
5 or 6 days, the raisins will swim on the top, then at the
bottom with a spigot240 let the water run into your vessel
you mean to keep it in, when it has done working stop it
up as you do bear, the longer you keep it the better it will
be, good in a month
Take gooseberries when they are fully ripe beat them in ash[?]
mortar, until they all be mashed then put them into an earthen
pot poura great deal of renish wine79upon them let
them stand 2 or 3 days not covered strain them out
hard as you can let it stand, until all the dregs be settled
to the bottom put in 3 or 4 spoonfuls of sugar into
a bottle, take it off as clear as you can from dregs and
fill your bottle so full as when it is corked it runs
over tie it up hard
Take 30 pound of raisins to 50 gallons of water put these together
into a tub cover them with a thick cloth when it has stood for
8 days strain it to every 6 quarts of this liquor against
of the juice or raspberries that being done put it into a barrel
of it nearthe fire or in the heat of the sun 3 or 4 days
open to work then stop it up 5 or 6 weeksbefore you open it.
Take raspberriesbruise>them with your hand amongst as much
water as you think fit, then let it close stopped until
you think it strong enough of the rasps then cleare it
put it in bottles, with sugar if you please you may put
some wine to it when you put in your rasps set it in a
cool cellar
Take a gallon of berrys a bottle of water mix all together
well put it into a barrel with one pound of sugar let
it work when its clear boilit.
Take 4 gallons of spring water boilit half an hour, take
2 pound raisinsof the suncut& (ston'd)stoned2 pounds of sugar
4 lemons squeezed and cutin slicesputthem and sugar & razons
into a potbigenough to hold the water, in then fling the
water upon them type="strikethrough"let them stand 4 days stiring them 6 times
a day boil them alltogether untilthey taste very well of
all that is in it, set it into the cellar>for 4 days more, then
let it run through:athim clots[?]intobottles>corkthemup
dipyournosemelted pitch so drink it when it is a fortnight or 3 weeks old.
Take water put in so many redcurrantsas will make it deep
enoughcoloured, squeeze them very well let it stand for a day or two
then draw itclear,bottleit with sugar, put a good piece in
everybottlestop it[?]close, set it in a cellaryou may drink it
ten days time.
Take 3 gallons of water put it in apanput to it 6 (pound)poundsof
peny sugar set it on the fire let itboilabout half anhour
cum it well take 3 or 4 thousand jeliflowers put it in a pot while
spig it[?] (yo)your waters of a good heat pourit on your jeliflower
[?]it close covered untilit be the same heat of water set together
put as much yeast as will work it well let it stand 8 days stirringit some times draw it of inbottles,put in every bottlea good piece of
[?] sugar it may not bestirredof 3 days before you bottleit, when its bol[?]
let it stand 8 weeksbefore you drink it.
Take a pound ofraisinspicked, put them into a tub,havingatapp a
put to them 12 gallons of pure water cover it from the rust let it
stand 3 days to sleep, then draw it out, strain it through a cotton bag
into a sunlit which set oursome ember, to make it work, so continue
more and more embers, till it havedoneworkingwhichsometimes will take
2 or 3 days ?!?!: its throughfold draw it into bottleputing in alittlelom
pill in each bottlewithin one month it will be fitto drink, put 8
gallons more to the sameraisinsset it 3 days,workingalso as you didreason="illegible" resp=#JR0647>bof[?]
boil>water throw fold it will make a drink last longer, 3 times for
water the last will be good vinegar.
Take 2 gallons of water & 2 handfuls of savory 2 roots of
perielly 2 of fennill, 2orange6handfulsof rosemary
then seeltogether till it forms to 9 gallons strainit from
the ear, so put it on the fire put in 2 gallons ofhoney
so letitboiluntilit will bearan egg take it off
put it into a tub, let it standuntilit befullenough to set
working then put in as much Barm as will make it work
when it hasdonebarrellit.
Take 50 gallons of water 3 gallons of honey mix them
together let them be set on aclearfire scum it cleane
put in the roots of fennill & parsley,halfahandful
alitlealicompaine, seeds of farraipag fennill seeds, annitseed
2 spoonfulls of each wilde lime Egremony harle kongue
maiden hare lurmirick sweat margarom scabias pellor up
saeafrag, falmeg sop, hore hound the juice of the fitter flowers
of any that are good,boilall these togetheruntilall the stink
beboiledout of the baebs withdraw the fire,untilit be cold
strainit through a fine sive let it work in some tubwhen its
cold cover itwhile neur ayle yest let it stand 2 or 3 days
or moreuntilit beclear& lun it up, put in a piece of
honeycombeput it in the bunghole, so set it aworking
let it stand a day put it in abagwhere in is all kind
of spices or what may be good for laift ordisease
it must be half ayearold before you drink it.
Take 4 gallons of water put in as muchhoneycan[?]
desolved as will make it beare an egg when you mmight then
nile the water, beat it whilea dish in yourhand as egg
rose to be done, thus you must beat the honey& water
not only untilthe honey bedissolved, but also a hole
hour after, the long beating condusele your boiling
of the metheglin set it on the fire in a kettle when it
boil scum it well when its scumdclean take two
nutmeg 3 roles of ginger 4 of cloves & mare put it
in a bagput them in the kettle kettle alsomake a littlefa[?]
of sairbs & winter savory lime rosemary sweetmargoze
tie them up, put them in the kettle, let them boil fill
part be wasted, about half rather less pourit into some[?]
vessell, till it ne cold put it in a barrel orbottles it must be
kept a quarter of a year before it be drunk.
Take a quart74 of sherry sack82 put it into a glass with a wide mouth
let it be well stopped with good store of gillyflowers in it
set it in the sun 3 or 4 days shake it 3 or 4 times a day
well together when it hath stood in the wine before men
tioned strain96 it through clean lining cloth59 put
some more gillyflowers the same quantity in the same wine
set it in the sun as long as before strain96 it again
fill it with flowers order it as before strain96 it set it in
the sun to every pint put a pound of double refined sugar42
finely sifted set it in a pot of scalding water stir it with
a wooden spoon or stick until the sugar be dissolved
set it a cooling cover it not when it is thoroughly cold put
it in a glass keep it for your use.
Take the flowers being picked put them in a tankardShannon of
spring water set it in a hot boiling pot or pan full of water
strain96 it put it in fresh till it be strong and high coloured
take to every pint a pound of sugar boil it to a syrup
set it a cooling so put it up for your use.
Take clarified sugar some spring wateruntil it become a
thick syrup then put in the flowers clean picked and
heels of the violets the quantity to your own discretion
let the flowers steep 24 hours set them upon a few
hot embers strain96 it put more violets in do so 3 or 4 times
oftener the better, set them on a gentle fire to simmer not
to boil this is an excellent way will have a pure colour
Take 2 pound of roses the white ends cutoff put
to steep infuse them in an open vessel 6 pints for the
space of 2 hours, strain96 them out, put there to your like
quantity of roses warm the water again let it stand
the like time dothis 4 or 5 times together, put into the
licquor or infusion 4 pound of fine sugar boil
them to a syrup, using a gentle fire continue stirring
it until it be scold then strain96 it to keep for your use it
may be taken in white wine or other licquor171 from is ounce to
Gather your flowers in March or April, they come before
the leaf, pick them if you have plenty put them into water
set them on the fire close covered when you see the water of
a deep yellow strain96 it, to every pint a pound of sugar
boil it to a syrup let it stand until it be cold put into
into a glass keep it for your use
Take ripe mulberries put them in a close pot162, set them into apot
with water, take the juice still as it comes, to every pint a pound
of sugar boil it to a syrup cool it put it up in bottles, thus you
may do with any berries when you would make syrup of them
Take your damask rosesALEX put them into a tankardSHANNON close amongst, spring water
let it in a pot or pan full of water let it infuse strain96 them put now
to until it be strong then take to everypint a pound of sugar boil
it to a syrup cool it bottle for your use.
take damask rose budsALEX before they be blown cut off the whites take 3 pints
of rose water81 set it on the fire put in the roses as many as it will
cover let it boil until all the colour be out of the roses strain96 them do
Six or Seven times until you think it be strong put in the
part of one egg when it boils putdouble the weight in Sugar
let it stand and Seeth88 on the fire until the Sugar be melted put it up for your use.
Take half a gill40 of rosewater81 a gill40 of hyssopSARAH and A. water then take two
gillsJWM6885-n7 of vinegar half a pound of loaf SugarAKMH2521-n4 let them all boil well
a Syrup give the child a spoonful or 2 morning and evening
especially if it will take it the oftener the better.
Take vinegar stir it pretty thick with treacle warm a little
and take it when you please
Take turnips pare them strainEB6866-n3 them then take a pint of you
juice half a pint of hyssopSARAH and A. water half a pint of horehoundSARAH and A
water half a pint of red rose waterlcd7990-N2 3 or 4 spoonfuls of
aniseeds Six figs a good handful of raisin stones a little
liquorice sliced boil these with sugar to syrup put in a sp
oonful of the best honey boil it a little scumLS6454-n5 it if you put
in fox tungs[?] if it is better put them in at first
[Page f.39v]take it as you do other syrups for a bruise inwardly
or outwardly if the bruise be inward give angelicoALEX rueJH4990-N24
and bameJH4990-N4 boiled in posit drinkSF6798-N5 if they have a pain
in their side or any other part take rueJH4990-N24 bameJH4990-N4
southernwoodSHANNON shred them small fry them in butter or grease
apply them to the gruered place
Take a peckJH4990-N22 of red poppy leaves that grows amongst
corn put them in a gallon of brandy, steep them 2
days & nights, then strainEB6866-N3 it, put the water in glass
bottle & put into it a pound of sugar & a pound of raisins
stones, 2 ounces of liquorice sliced one ounce of aniseed
bruised, an ounce of mithridateJOE, half a quarter of an ounce dried & rubbed two penny worth of long
pepper bruised, a pint ofcowslip water, & a little
snakerootJH4990-N27, & keep with close stopped, sun it three
weeks & keep it for your use
you may give from a quarter of a gillJWM6885-N7 to a gillJWM6885-N7 as
occasion serves if the surfeitSHANNON water be old, it must
be repeated twice a day, if new, the less will serve,
after the surfeitSHANNON is cured, they must take the syrup of
violets, if much of the water be taken
take wafers boil them in milk drink it for your common drinkJH4990-N8
take a nutmeg burn it in thefire wrap it into burnt claretJB4990-N6
drink it when you go to bed
lay a gallbanumJH4990-N12 plasterJH4990-N23 on your navel
take twenty drops of spirit of turpentineSARAH and A in a glass of white wine
take sweet oilSHANNON in white winesweetened with honey
take saffron and salt of each a likequantity tie it between the two joints
of the little finger thesaffron must dried to powder
take grains of paradiseJH4990-N14 in a glass of burnt claretJH4990-N6
Take four pound of stoned horse dung, one handful of water cress brooklimeJH4990-N5
scurcy-grassSRH2322-N5 houndstongueJH4990-N15 liverwortJH4990-N17 fennel root parselyroot dandelion add to it one
dozen of oranges then put in one quart of milk and another of water
Take mastic gumJH4990-N20 elemiJH4990-N11 of each half an ounce burgundy pitch three drams
benjaminALEX dragon's bloodJH4990-N10 of each a quarter of an ounce venice turpentineSARAH and A half an ounce
minum plasterJH4990-N23 half an ounce yellow waxJH4990-N29 one dram half balsam of pene[?] two
scruplesJH4990-N26 a little oil of spikeJH4990-N21 dissolve and strainEB6866-N3 them, add bolis[?] veniceSARAH and A two drams
broacks[?] alipta moschalaJH4990-N1 finely beaten or powdered one dram spread it on a
ther make two plastersJH4990-N23 one for the belly
take white amber melipederJH4990-N28 & -- with so much thick turpentineSARAH and A as
maike eight pulls of one dram take four pulls at one time and
drink strong decoction of mallowsJH4990-N30 sweetened with syrup of altheaJH4990-N3
Take a turpentineSARAH and A glisterJWM6885-N7 and elderflower possetSF6798-N5 drink plentifully when you are
to compose to rest take forty drops of liquid laudanumJH4990-N19 hellmouTi[?] in sackEC6142-N2
Of lemon oil olive fine sugar of each three spoonfuls beat it up to a
syrup take two parts of this in a morning two days before the long or full
d the third part the day following the change or full of the moon
A pint of oil well boiled and skimmed and a pint of white wine put to it put
to them four or five onions cut in quarters let them infuse upon a gentle fire heat
it until it simmer but not boil of this liquorJH4990-N16 drink one pint of any time when
you have a fit & these receipts Mr Bates had from the Queen's best Subition[?]
take rosin365 beat it to powder sears itSF6798-n8take as much as will
lie on a six pence in a little possetSF6798-n10 drink
take the first coming of of ale wortBW6512-n3 boil it to an electuaryBW6512-n4
often eat of it
take the juice of a lemon a little white wine and bean-podBW6512-n6 water a little small
bereBW6512-n7 a little nutmeg sweeten it with syrup of altheaBW6512-n8 it it be violent put in a little
pennyroyal waterBW6512-n9
boil an comfreyBW6512-n10 root in milk or possetSF6798-n10 drink and drink it
take the common burdockBW6512-n12 lay it to the navel and to the head
eat tansy fried in eggs
takea nutmeg burn it in the oven grate it into white wine
take wormwoodBW6512-n13 pound it lay it to the forhead
burn broomBW6512-n14 ashes take half an ounce of them put them into a pot close covered poor
a pint of white wine on them let them stand a day and a night then drink the half at
morning and the other half at four o'clock putting in as much of the could of dwarf
elderBW6512-n15 dried to powder as will lie on a shilling
As your jelly runs you must have your cochineal323 ready &saffron
ready strained, with rosewater81 to make it amber colour, as your
jelly runs, you mustcolour it in several dishes set them by, till
they be cold, take aslate324 dish with a little clear jelly in the
bottom of it being verycold, take some of thered jelly, warm
it upon the fire; so little that it willscarcely325run326, put it upon
the dish ofclear jelly just as much as willcover itover
set it by till it becold, then take your: amber:jelly; put it just
over it as you did your red, then put another row of your:principal
jelly, over it, when it iscold it will be just likeribbon
Take a cock scalded328 draw him cleanseat him in white
wine or renish79 scum84 it clean,clarify thebroth after
it is strained, take apint of thicksweet creamstrain
that to your:clarifiedbroth, and your:broth will be exceeding329
white; take powder of ginger white sugar rosewater81
seething88 your: cullis, whenyouseason it to make it take the
colour the better
Excellent fora consumptionCH8042-n11thesmallest sort drunk
three times a day withsugarcandygood for the black and
yellow jaundice, taken with nine headlice 3 mornings
together 3 timesa daya little wineglass ata time for the
collickfalling sickness130convulsions orany soundingsfits
forthe wormsfevers small pox or to driveaway any
thing from the stomach the time of the moon must be observed
3 days before and after the change and see for the full when you
give it for the convulsions you may put in 3 drops ofcat's blood333
if fora boya shecat if fora girl a he cat is very good
how to use the snail water to an instant in the convulsion fits
give anordinary spoonful or 2 of the water withsome sugar
in it out of the convulsion fit giveit 3 of the littlespoonfuls
withhalf as muchbeer anda littlesugar in itthree times a
day in the morning at 4o clock in the afternoon and the last
at night as near as you can let it have nothing anhour before
and aftertaking it give it thus 3weeks ormonth together
and at anytime when you perceive the fits a coming on in the
fit but afterwards you may observe only the times of the moon
that is 3 days before and after the change andso at the full
but it is best to give the child a littlemixture withbeer andsugar
the first thing when it [___yow][?] give it when it is born it prevents them
forever
take a bottle of strong ale put to it nine
cloves of garlicpricked with
a needle infused all night drink it inthemorning keeping warm or in bed
do this three days together
take cloves a good quantityboil them in wateruntil it be very strong
sweeten it with a little drink it andtake spearmint or
tansy283 and fry it in butter and brandy crisp lay it to thenavel
take three nutmeg and bakethein a rye loaf and scrape them
into white wine and drink it in a morning
when it is flead 284 and trust285 put intothebelly of it apint of oysterssome fresh
mintparsleyonions andtyme aslice or ton of lemon withsome fresh
butter put intheliver blad or ton of wholemace closethebelly
roast it baste it with freshbuttertake for yoursanes[?] strongbroth
gravysome oysterliquoranchoviesboiled up together withtheliver mince
theyolks of 6 hardeggsthenaddtheingredientswere roasted inthebelly you
may usedrawnbutter and no gravy garnish with lemon andorange286sliced
parsley minced andfried oysters serve it hot
Take Benjamin316 an[?] ounce olibanum317, 1 an ounce 2 ounces of storax221
musk58 2 grains43 2 cloves207 beaten to p2owder; Lignum Rhodium318 beaten
to powder an ounce; beat all together in a warm mortar
put in a little gum dragon250 steeped in rosewater81, beat it till
it turn to a paste make it in little round cakes
Take a pound and[?] a half of damask rosebuds208 cut off
the white108; beat them to paste add to them in the beating 4 ounces
of benjamin316 being steeped 15 hours in rosewater81 laudanum174
6 grains43 6 grains of civet319. 6 grains of musk58 6 grains
of ambergris3, about the bigness of a walnut, of hard
sugar when they are all beat together: make them up in[?]
little cakes; dry them in white paper
Take the moss of an apple tree gathered between the 2
Lady Days320, put in a dish with damask rose208 water81 set it
in an oven to dry in like soot, wet it 2 times dry it
put into it 1 ounce benjamin316 1 ounce of storax221 sources Cala
mint321 the gums being beaten to powder with damask roses put to it a dram144 of civet319 a dram of ambergris3 4 drops
of oil of lemons 1 ounce of orange flower water
work all these together with your hands into the moss put
your moss into rose water dry it in an oven as before
put it into your bag, it will be pleasing & last long
Take moss of any tree, and steep it rosewater81 for 8 days
shift it in 4 days times then take it out, dry it on a searce over86
a soft fire burn benjamin316 under[?] it when it is dry beat it to
powder: searce it very finely so use it
Take 3 ounces and a half of benjamin316 let it be beaten
very well steep it 3 or 4 days in damask rose water81 of a year
old take half a pound of damask rose buds is best out of the whits108
in the bottom beat them very well in a mortar till they be
like a conserve, pour out the water from the benjamin
as clear as you can beat them well together till they be
well mingled, take grains43 of musk58 4 grains of civet319
mingle them well with the rest of it will be like paste take
a rose leaf lay so much of your stuff as a hazelnut upon
it another upon that press it down with your finger to make
the leaves stick to the paste lay them one by another
to dry
Rye bread crumbs rosewater81 and rose leaves nutmeg vinegar
all mixedtogether put them in a cloth smell it
Take half a pound of hogs same rendered303 put to it a pint
of brandy a pint & a gill of spring water 30 shell snails-
purged well in wheat bran304 then washed well in hot water
a pippin305 sliced & a lemon sliced 2 pennyworth306 of white
wax 2 pennyworth306 of sugar candy; some spermaceti put
all in an earthen pot cover it close set it in a pan of
boiling water till its all melted strain it & beat it till
its very white
Take hogs same and steep it 9 days in spring water then
put in a wooden dish beat it with a rolling pin then
put it into a wooden dish with rosewater set it beforethe
fire till it be all melted let it stand all night next day
take it from that water put fresh rosewater to it set it to melt
again; so beat it up with fresh water put a little white wax
and spermaceti to it and beat it very well together and drop
it in little cakes of a sheet of white paper
Take mutton 2 pound the fat of a young dog 1 pound pick it
clean, all the blood out & all the bloody veins put it into
water shift it twice a day for 3 days put it into 3 gills of
water plantain307 let it stand all night strain it through
a napkin wring it very hard lay it in as much rosewater
as will cover it let it lie 1 day & a night the next morn=
-ning wring it out again, put it in a high gallipot
lie it close with a cloth put it in to a skillet of
water let it boil 3 hours take it off the fire strain it
into a basin till it be cold cut it in pieces
let it be very well dried with a cloth; wipe your hands
work it together; do308 it in little cakes upon white paper
Take the caul309 of a sheep while it is hot lay in spring wa^t^er:
for 2 days wash it well break it in pieces put it in a cows
cloth310 to drain out the water : from it very well then take
march mallow roots311 & white lily rootsSG6109-n10, of each alike
quantity scrape them very clean some white poppy
seeds stamp them together put them into the suet slice
into it a pomewater appleSG6109-n11 put all these into an earthen
pot close set it into a pot of seething water so let it boil
3 hours strain it out into an earthen thing put to it 1/2
an ounce of ben a quarter of an ounce of oil of
tartar314SG6109-n13 1 ounce of oil of walnuts keep it stirring with
a wooden slice till it be cold put it in a gallipot
when you use it rub it in the palm of your hand it
will be soft for your use
Take the fat of a stag 2 pounds of hogs
grease / ½ pound of apples infused a night cleanse the fat from
the membranes wash it in white wine strain it in to a glazed
vessel wash it in rosewater set it [in][?]on a soft fire till the water
=ish substance be consumed put in an earthen vessel
thereto the oil of sweet almonds 6 ounces of white whey
4 ounces of then set it upon the fire till it be desolved
so use it
Take your tallow288 of a lamb about the kidneys of pigs grease; as
much as you will pippins well smelled289 apples cored only
not paired cut in pieces the weight in grease, put all into
a new pipkin290, well glazed with rosewater & water lilies291
and bean flowers: let the water boil softly till it be all
consumed, and the grease well melted strain it through
a fine lining cloth into a white earthen dish, or purslin292
& as much to it of oil of melon seeds or pumpkin
seeds or sweet almond, now drawn without fire as will
reduce yoer pomatam to a good constitution wash it oft
with rosewater till it be extreme white keep it underwater
some put in the boiling of a little benjamin & storax for the
other, some put in musk
Take 6 ounces of canary wine 4 ounces of red rosewater
a pound of fine sugar boil those together till they come
to a perfect consistance of syrup, take of good amber grease
a graines, musk a purple, yellow sandelwood294 & safron in a
=nother piece of sarsenet295 mingle yoer: syrup aquasilestis296 pour
those in yoer glasses where yoer pupits297 hangs shake it often
let it stand the longer the better
Take barley water so oft shifted till it feel slippery then put
in sow bread white298 lily, roots bitter almond let it steep well
then put in a little bit of samphire
Take white wine 1 gill now milk one pint warm the milk
make it into a possit take the clean crud off then take
all in cloth and put in 4 ounces of seras299 in it finely
scraped and squeaze it out by degrees shake it when you
pour it out to wash with a little serves
take the juice of green walnuts rub the
face with
Take a quarter of a pound of French barleyAGS0040-n8 boyle it almost
in a gallon of spring water shift it 2 or 3 waters until it be
clear when the last water has about the fourth part
away clear it from the barley into a good big dish, let
it stand till it be pretty cold then put into the water a
quarter of a pound of bitter almonds being blanched
and beaten very small the juice of 4 lemons put it through
a strainer put it into glasses with a little lemon peelSF6798-n2
in every glass; shake the glass once a day
Take a red pig[[undefined CN5798-n1]] of a fortnight old knock it on the head
take out all the guts and blood; wash it not break the
bones put it in a common still335 hair and all then put
to it a quartJWM6885-n4 of red cow's336 milk of dittany337 and fumitory338
of each a handful 4 peniworth of spermaceti339 a quarter
of a pint of rasp wine one handful of elderflower
wash and dry them with a cloth put them to the pig
so still them together some will take 3 sucking whelps
cutting their foot and heads taking out the guts and
flea so still them
Take ten eggs 10 lemons 2 pound of beefsuitSA1523-n7 2 ounce of
spermaceti339 2 quarts of white wine vinegar 3 pints of milk
1 quartJWM6885-n4 white wine 2 handfuls of wheat bran a grain of
muskAGS0040-n6 paire340 the lemons mince them into littel bits so the beef not
too small beat 2 eggs put all together in a basin then put into the
still with temperate heat keep it stirring for fear of
burning you need not sift the head quite of the still
Bean flowers341; tops of fumitory338 tops rosemary elderbuds342
white lillies each alike quantity lay them all night in
white wine; young pig 3 young puppies turn the skins off
dry them with a cloth; put them into a stone pot with
as much sackEC6142-n2 as will cover them let them stand 4 or 5 days
put to them 3 or 4 quarts of white wine a quartJWM6885-n4 of snails
out of the shells: still it with a soft fire mix them together
put a handful of bean flower341 a handful of rosemary
flowers still them over with it draw the third part by
it self, hang a dramAP2166-n8 of pearl344 in a glass still it over
with a little milk for hands
Take a glass full of rosewater81; thats good put in it 5 pound of
wheat let it soak in the water till it have dried it up take forth
the wheat beat it in a mortar346 strain it mingle it with the like
quantity of goats milk put them in a clean vessel put into
it 3 or 4 sops347 of white bread let the sops347 drink up the milk
take a few egg shells beat them to powder; the juice of two lemons
infuse the same in the sops347 then put a quantity of white wine
vinegar a liteds348 of silver mingle all these together so put them
in a glass still distill them with one ounce of magistery of
pearl349 over a soft fire put the same into a glass till occasion
it is approved of by (Sr:)Sir: James Pemerton350
Beat half a pound of bitter almonds351; sit it all upon the fire
stir them with 2 or 3 spoonfuls of brown sugar when its
near boiled; put in 2 eggs
Take a dram144 of flower353 of brimstone354 put it into 2 ounces of
linseed oil355 anoint361 there with
Take veal or chicken lay it in waters shift it till the blood
is out, boil it in several waters till the water is slippery
then bottle it put in a piece of white sugar candy235 and a piece
of samphire356
Take white wine or cochineal beaten fine set it on the fire
let it boil well before you take it off put in a good piece of
alum358
Take roots of fern359 sliced beat them in a mortar346 with
red or white rosewater81 till it come to a slimy substance
like the white of an egg put this often on your face with
a clean cloth you must not do it till the pox begins to dry
& not before
Take the lights360 of a sheep cut it in pieces boil it with
a feather take off the fat & scum84 it; with which anoint361 a
mask to be worn continually for 7 or 8 days & nights
Take birch water362 wash the face it will take all away
it will take a pearl of the eye363
Take 3 pints of new milk; half a pint of the left white wine
3 good lemons and a white penny loaf;[[undefined TB6845-N1]] slice it to the lemons
wine and all sliip together one might next day still then
draw of aquart which will be very good this may be
washed with as often as you please.
Take red tartir 1 pound let it be tied in brown paper
very hard with the paper thenput it in a long charcoal
fire; and burn them; then being red hot let it be put into a
pints of distilled vinegar for 6 hours put it into a
glass flopp it very ilogn; when you will vfi it put it into apor
ignis some of it; warm it over the fire dip then when aliming boil
Lay it all over where the freckles are lay another day warm
iloth over where the freckles are lay another day warm
iloth over it so let it wemamie all night, do it for 5 or 6 times
it will make all the freckels peel of for want of distilled vinegar the best oridinary vinigar my bevfich
Take a pint of strong white wine vinegar pound of as is 3
drams sift fine with half: an ounce of brimstone r champ teion
two drams, slamped with a blanced all mons 4 oaki aneostuH
throw the mideft the juice of 4 lemons put them all together
in strong a double glass shake them together will set it in
the sun 10 day wash your face with this let it dry on
Take spirit of wine & flowers of Benjamine sit them on a gentle
fire until it becomes a firmer with a drop of this touch the face
Everynight youmay after the face with the spirit of
wine-
Take lemons sliced stewedmilk tarter put milk on the
A little flesh of pigg or plouns still them of it.
Take juice of red nettles [[undefined TB6845-N2]]stewed in with wine drink it
Every morning it withflushings.
Take spring water & lashings; of good spirit of
tatir
Take peach flowers[[undefined TB6845-N3]] daisy with lashings of each a like quantity
1 quart of new milk; from the cow put in the heats distill
it so keep it for if you wash your face with it you must drink
of this often wasds of this distilled when you wash with this
you might take as kill it of running water boil a good fast
of white breach a good peace of sugar slop it up drink of it after
as you are dry
Take spermaceti502 virgin136 beeswax melt the wax add spermaceti502 oil
of ben503 504 ale of sweet almonds new drawn let it not stand
too long on the fire for fear of not being white take
unwashed hot and cut it in forehead cloths501 dip them and lay
them by to cool
Take bole armeniac505 [...] of each 4 drams144 of burnt
alum506 salt of prunella507 3 drams144 of fine powder stir them
together in 2 or 3 of good honey of red roses let it be no
thicker than electuary508 put in 3 or 4 drops of oil of flax509
rhodiola510 in so rub your teeth with a coarse cloth
Take one ounce of the oil of ben503504; one ounce of the oil
tartar511 mix them anoint the face at night when you
go to bed it will prevent it too
Take a gill of oil of roses512 4 ounces of white lead513 boil
it together in a vessel 3 or 4 times bigger than itself stir
it with an iron spurtle boil it until you make it black then
put in the weight of all the 3 sorts of sanders515: of each 2 drams144
before you put in the sandalwood which must be beat into small powder
there dissolve 4 ounces of bees wax in the oil after it's
boiled as aforesaid take it from the fire put in a quarter of
an ounce of camphor and a dram144 of rhubarb in fine
powder a quarter of an ounce of terra sigillata517 in
powder always stirring it until it be cold put it up in gallipots
covered with bladder518 and paper above all turn dou[?]
the gallipots when you spread the plaster without fire[?]
which you may do by scraping it before it be laid on
if the party be tender air it when you apply it
Take a handful of red sage519 one small nutmeg 20 cloves207
capricorn520 flowers half a walnut shell full of comfrey521
root grated as much as will lie on a shilling and half
as much sugar as half the quantity mix all being made
in fine powder & take as much in a glass of Malaga
sack522 or Claret or ale which your stomach likes best
first in the morning last night going to bed
apply the plaster to the nether end of the[?] back upwards another
to the right side of her belly beware all things of an opening
nature523 as white wine licorice aniseeds524 and their waters juniper
all windy things are ill all hot thing for they stir up the blood to expell
things good cloves207 lemon peel almonds
Take a pound of rule agrimony celandine wormwood sage
balm wormwood dragons pimpernel many gods feather
took soil alecornpine roots strapped and
ins wood bit any brown may we add an inch torment all a roots
of benedictus blessed thistle 2 pound of rosemary angelica
mingle all these together of feed them and sleepy
in the best white wine sack or brandy as much as well
cover them well 3 days and nights stirring them once
or twice a day take off 2 and 3 water put in about an inch thick in the bottom of your still
take the rager of natural parts or seed natural parts rid curle of
craft eyes hartshorn white amber grees alike quantity
being all severally beaten in fine powder searce of
throw of fine ctolk lake so much of the tips of toes
of crab claws as of all the soft powders for
they are the main anent of the pork beat and searce
them as you do all the rest weigh them severally mine
them well together make it up in bats with some
jelly made of harts horn whiten you must infuse some
Saffron more or less as you desire to have colored lot them
day and full decoct as them as you on a fion if
The crab toes can be had before they be boiled they
Are better other wise they sirne if craft be in
Saffron either May or July together this powder being
finely shaven or scraped with a knife may be taken
in a spoon full of dragon water or cardas water
grained at a time washing it done with a spoon full of
the same water but to your children grained myself
take one ounce of harts horn some what bottles a pint of
fair water lot if boil till the water all in of consumed
put in half a pint and rid rose water when its boiled a quarter
of an hour strain that into so much jelly as you think
you shall need to make up you 9 of kins powders you must
put in a reasonable quantity of Saffron on to make it
of a deep yellow when that is cold make up you
poude of it
Madam
Jane Loraine
Take orient pearte rid coral riceNM4503-n16 hearts horn: white
amber a like quantity beat them severally take as much of
the black claws of crabs pick them wipe them beat them &
searce as you did the rest weigh all these powders, take a like
quantity put them into a mortar611 together then have ready
some stiff jelly made of hearts horn where in you must infuse
some store of saffron; it being warm put thereof into the
powders spoonful by spoonful so much as will make it
a paste continually beating it with a spoon in the mortarNM4503-n1
when you find it like dough take it out make it into balls
smooth it with your hands that they do not crack lay them on
a sheet of paper, turn them when they are dry enough put
them in several papers & keep them dry & it may be
taken in cow water or bear you may give it in 10 or 12 or 15
grains or 20 grains for children 4 or 6 or 8 grains fasting
in the morning or going to bed it is good to prevent the smal
poxNM4503-n2 measlesNM4503-n3 it brings forth cures consumption; good for
fevers helps all kinds of agueNM4503-n4 taken a midst of old git
It preserves from the plague or pestilenceNM4503-n7 conserves the body
makes temperate & cheerful it helps passion of the mind
drives away melancholyNM4503-n8 conserves the corrupt humors of the
body all over superfluity in the rainesNM4503-n9 and passages fortifying
& enabling very much being given in wine or any other
cordial water, it cures the plague and all other contagious
diseases given in water of scordiumNM4503-n10 cardus vipers grease
it helps all that are bitten or stung with serpent or
other beasts, in wine or any other of the aforesaid waters
it helps those that are bit with a mad dogNM4503-n11 if it be giu
to the party often it consumes and dries out all poison if it
be given in a double quantity of ordinary ase[?] it is an
effectual remedy against their vertigo or swimming in the head
taken in the quantity aforesaid with aquamarineNM4503-n17 water or
honey or other that are good for the head it is of great effic
against the falling sickness given Aquama[?][?]if the mi
hearts be lean if corpulent in vinegar & honey oxoxi[?]
or single peonyNM4503-n12 betony or lavender lives conuali
of the flowers of line trees or such like good for the
head it is of special use in an apoplexyNM4503-n13 given in some
of the aforesaid waters or oxymelNM4503-n18 as before the same
antidote being new and not above a year old in ⟨wate[?]r⟩
of cityNM4503-n20 endiveNM4503-n21 or rid poppyNM4503-n15 drys marvellouslyNM4503-n14
salts and quiets all diseases and procures sleep to
all pains of the head given in betony water &
good for the dullness of hearing: given in the water of Eye
Bright126; or of ash tree for Shortness & difficulty of
breathing it is a most sure remedy given in water
of squills708 or with the decoction of soup it helps the
Cough given in vinomulto709 if the party have no
fever otherwise in water where in saffrons have been
steeped or boiled it is of great use for spitting of
blood if it be not too far gone taken in small hodge710
wine if your disease be cold in rose water81 plantain122 purslane
or herbs saline called scabium711 its of great use for
groaning passions of the heart it helps very much given in
wine if it be not a fever otherwise in aqauity water
& honey or balm141 water is taking away paines of the
stomach proceeding from cold it comforts strengthenings
it helps digestion taking away the Loathing of the meat
it quenches the the insatiable appetite given in broth it Kills
the worms : stays gnawing hunger Caused by them given
in wormwood water, it stays all manner of pain of the colic
if there be no inflammation ; entrails given in broth vial
or mutton or young pullet it will appease obstructions of
the Liver spleen take away the smelling of those parts
given in Aceto712 malty vinegar honey or a kernell or in
decoction of senna713 or broom seed genista714, or scolopendrio715
its harts tongue spearwort good against Leprosy all
manner of scabs given in waters or decoctions of
scabion or hops fumitory716; good for any general
indisposition or ill habit of the body given in wine or decok
sion as likeness dropsy it stays and Curbs the flux in the
stomach or entrails proceeding from indisposition of body
given in plantain water shepards purse717 poormans718 perni=
city719 breaks this stone in the reans720 given in white wine
vinomulto or in the juice of Lemons or water of pimpe
nell burnet155; made of the Juice of green rind of walnuts
scour away all vicious glutinous humors from thee rains
its good against stoping the vein taken in the decoction
of smallage721 parsley sparagoos722 cammock723 oranges sweet
fennel pellitory217 of the wall mugwort saxafraga125 lechon724
nightshade or in water made of any of these simples
ulcers in the blades are healed with this Antidote given in the
decoction of marsh mallows or melon seeds in procures the
diseases of woman if suppressed, taken in broth of red rit
=chen[?] stays the overflowings, taken taken in the decoction
of so much or Comfrey725the like use may be made for Looking
or staying superfluous course of Emeralds it marvel
ously heals the delivery of a dead child given in water and
Honey wherein betany12 half been boiled very good taken
in wine for a canker684 good for gout685 sciatica686 & all pains
in the joints given in the concotion687 of juice of ground pine
water of hemp688 called bastard-agrimony689 disolves and
softens all hardness contracted by cold; warming and
comforting the party; taken in wine; it is a certain re
-medy against a quartan690 ague691 or other griefs that grows
from melancholy273 humours it's good in a malignant fever
given in the aforesaid cordials it qualifies & mitigates all
extreme colds shakings in phlegmatic692 fevers given in
wine or wormwood693 or balm141 water in such shiverings it
may be applied to the nape of the neck or backbone the
dose or quantity of treacle is to be the weight of a dram
to be taken to them that are poisoned, may be given in
2 drams; it's not fit for children or old people the heat
of it will quite dissolve the natural heat; nor woman
with child it may make them miseasy neither is it to be taken
in the head of summer or dog days694
Take diacodium a dram144 or 4 scruples117, dissolve it in 4 spoon
fulls of pardus695 water or scabious696 water well mingled, put
to these a large spoonful of syrup of vinegar a pretty
spoonful of diacodium simply mingle all these well
take these going to sleep or last before rest this is good
in all malignant fevers when they want sleep &
are in much burning wi^th ^ pains in the head
Take 8 gallons of muscadine697; rue179 red sage angelico143 of
each a large handful rub them well with a cloth [sh--][?]
then put into the liquor & 1 ounce 1/2 of long pepper239 2 ounces
of ginger 5 ounces of nutmegs bruise them put them into
liquor cover your pipkin698 close past it set it on hot embers
let it infuse 6 hours; take it; strain it, add thereto 2 quarts
of the spirit of angelico 3 quarters of an ounce of saffron
finely powdered 1 ounce of cochineal323 finely powdered
put them into a lining bag squeeze them into your liquor
to every quart of water add 1 ounce of the best venice
treacle stir it all together when it's cold bottle it up every
morning 2 spoonfuls [...] another
at night if the patient be infected take 5 or 6 spoonfuls
warmed go into bed sweet every hour take 2 or 3
spoonfuls
Take tormentil592 burn it scordium celandine590 rosemary588 sage589 balme580
Mugwort585 rue wormwood dragons582 scabious591 pimpernel587 agrimony
angelica578 bitany bryony of each half a pound marigold583
peach[?] flowers586 of either half a pound shred
these put them into a stone pot with 6 pots of
white wine 4 ounces of mithridate584 6 of diacodium
clary &aniseeds of each 2 ounces bet small
steep them all 12 hours still it in an alembic this
water is good for the plague taken warm sweating
an hour after it good for agues and diseases of
the stomach comforting the spirits good against
the palsy contracting worms,colds coughs stones
in the bladder, or organs;
Pimpernel587 posit good against the
Take red sage rue of each a handful boil in 3 pints
of malmsey or sweat sack til a pint be wasted strain
it out set it on the fire put in half an ounce of long
pepper in powder ginger in powder nutmeg a[?] quarter
of an ounce let it boil a little take it from the fire put
in a quarter of a pint of aquaite the weight of 7 pence
in aquauitymithridate584 the weight of 4 pence in treacle593 stir them
together, let the infected take 2 spoonfuls at a time
morning and evening, sweat upon it this is good for
any infection half a spoonful at a time
Take 10 grams of saffron, the kernels of walnuts 2
ounces of figs mithridate584 1 dram581 a few sage589 leaves
stamp these together with a sufficient quantity of pimp
ernel water587: when you have sodden make it up in a lump
keep it in a glass reserve for your use give 12 grams
at a time in a morning fasting it preserves from the
plague, it expels those that are infected
Take speed with the weight of a dram581 of treacle581
a french Cronon made in powder with the like
weight of it given in a fever is excellent
good;
Madam
Jane Loraine (1685)
Madam
Jane Loraine (1685)
Take 3 pints of the best muscadine, boil therein 1 hand
ful of rue; as much of sage, until 1 pint be consumed
strain it set it the fire put in long pepper ginger
nutmegs; beaten to powder of each 1 ounce; boil
all together a little more after take it off put in one
ounce of mithridate 2 ounces of the best treacle; a quart[?]
of a pint of aqua vitae if you think yourself infected
with the plague take every morning and evening 1 spoonful
lukewarm if not infected 1 or 2 times a week, half
a spoonful at a time in plague time next to god; trust to
this; never any took it; was deceived; if the heart was
not mortified before it's good for any sweating sickness
if taken at first; at other time as need requires, when[?]
the party drinks of this; he must lie down & sweat 2
or 3 hours in bed; he must be well dried & kept
warm drink none but warm drinks & caudlesAH1867-n1 so
shall the sickness keep from the heart, make possetSF6798-n10 all
wine marigolds flowers and leaves give it warm to
drink after the sweat dry them well with a cloth
this drink will keep good half a year being kept
close this is approved
pimpernel dragons scabious agrimony balm scordium
carduus betanySRH2322-n1 flowers & leaves, centuryAH1867-n2 tops marigold
flowers and leaves of each of these a good handful
take the root of tormentil angelica elecampane peony
seeds, orange liquoriceAH1867-n4 all clean scraped of each half[?]
an ounce let all the herbs be washed & shaken in [...]
lining cloth until they be dry; shred all together, roots
sliced thin put all to a gallon of the best white wine
let them steepAH1867n-6 together in a large pot close stopped 2 days[?]
and 2 nights stirring it once a day stillAH1867n-7 them in a ordinary[?]
still, with a soft fire receiving the first pint by it self[?]
a quarter of next by itself you may give to man or woman[?]
2 spoonfulls of the strongest though with children of the
need of the last to children that are young a spoon
full lukewarm with a little sugar or sugar candyAH1867n-8 & [...]
Take of columbineES0472-n3 sage rosemary rue mugwort pimpernel
dragons scabiosa agrimony balm scordium century carduusES0472-n2
benedictus betonySRH2322-N1 rosa solis of each a handful; of angelica
water, white lupinES0472-n5 roots; tormentil roots fumitory zedoaryES0472-n8
licorice of each half an ounce, slice the root, wash the
herbs shake them; dry them in a cloth shred them; dry
them in a Cloth steep them in as much white wine as
will cover them; which will be a pot 2 days 2 nights
close covered put it in an ordinary still; when you take
it let it be lukewarm put some sugar in it if you keep
the strongest by itself; and the weakest by itself take
2 or 3 or 4 spounfuls of the stronger to an old body
two of the weaker to a child
The best time to make it; is in May or June; if you may have
all the herbs at once; steep the things in the still itself;
set the head close on keep it still going when you take this
water upon any present occasion, take it when newly
gone to bed; keep warm after it sweat you may otherwise:
drink it any time in your sickness though you sweat not it is
very comfortable and refreshing, especially in fever
or infections when you still it, still until you have as much
water as you put licor in
Take agrimony rue wormwood celandine sage balm mugwort
dragons pimpernel marigolds feverfewES0472-n4 burn it sorrelES0472-n7 elecam-
pane roots scraped; small shred; scabiosa betonySRH2322-n1 broomES0472-n1 may-
evens tormentil carduus benedictusES0472-n2 angelica of each 2
pound; 4 of rosemary mingle all these together shred them very
small steep them in the best white wine 3 days and 3 nights shredd-
ing them once or twice a day put in more wine than will cover the
herbs still it in a common still; take not too much of the first
water; less of the second according as you taste the strength else
it will be sour; if you fill the still not above inch deep
it will make more, it's good if you doubt infection,& sore
[-ome][?] not out kindly, mingle a little mithridate in 4 or 5 spoon
fuls of the strong water and give it to the party to drink
[-old][?] lay him warm to sweat after: it against pox or measles, give
[...]or 4 spoonfuls it's good for a surfeit but if there be a fever, give
the small water it's good for shaking agues if the fit be very cold
put mithridate in 4 or 5 spoonfuls given 2 hours before the other
[-alk][?] if not able to lie down cover you warm to get hot before the fit come
this (3d)third shaking helps
Take half a pound of figs; half a pound of raisins of the sun sliced
half a pound of barley8 wash them & 3 pennyworth64 of Liquorice sliced
scraped660 put all these into 3 gallons of spring water & a handful of
violets, and strawberry leaves 2 fennel roots 2 parsley roots scraped660
and sliced boil it to one gallon strain it; put it to the liquor a quart74 of
white wine set it on the fire till it be ready to boil, take it off swe[?]
it with sugar; let the party drink half a gill40 of it at a time warm,
last at night, first in the morning, or at any time
Take china roots661 one ounce harts horn44 2 ounces mace54 1 ounce a quart74
of a pound of dates half a pound of white sugar candy 1 pound
of figs 1 pound of raisins half a pound of French barley36; 4
ounces of cinnamon; boiled in water with knuckles of veal674
Take a dozen sheeps hearts open them, dry the black off with
a cloth; pare662 the fat off as clean as you can mince them indi
fferent663 small put them in a stone bowl a blade of large
mace54 with it stop them close sit it in a pot of water let it
boil 3 hours or more then let it run through a jelly-bag664
season it with brown sugar candy give it 3 times a day warm
for it will be jelly
Take elecampane665 roots sliced thin dry it in an oven searce86
it so mix it with honey take as oft as need requires in the
morning last at night & at 4 o'clock in the afternoon however
Take an earthen pumpkin put in 3 quarts74 of fair water666; set
it on the fire; put in a chicken; and the long part of
a leg of veal let it seeth88 keep it scumed84, take sorell667 straw
berry leaves agrimony668 liverwort668; maidenhair669 of each
half a handful; fennel roots parsley roots 3 handfuls
2 red dock roots673 take out the pith67 lay it in sleep 4 hours
in white wine vinegar before you use them; raisins of the sun
and currants of each 2 handfuls a few prunes a little whole
mace54 4 nutmegs quartered 2 dates the bottom of one manchit55
let it boil together till it comes to one quart74, put into
this broth before it begins to boil 20 grey snails671 prepared
lay them in wheat bran671 2 hours take them out break the shell
off with all the whites in the tail; wash it clean with water
put it in your broth let it boil; strain it out drink of
this warm, half a pint fasting672 in the morning and
at 4 in the afternoon as much
Take that best matico sack; stir new rid cow'smilk in it; with a sprig
of mint and peniriell; to keep it from curding
Take a quart of English honey 2 pennyworth of liquorice; two
pennyworth of aniseed 2 pennyworth of Alicompaine all
powdered; mix them in the honey take some on a knife 2 or
3 times a day.
Take white poppy seeds 1 dram of gum a Hback gum dragon
of Each 3 drams the seeds of mallows and purslane 5 drams of
each fevor of the great fold seeds muskmelon contumber saffron
pumpkin seeds of each a quarter of an ounce, well dried
and picked a dram of the powder of liquorice 3 drams of
penide; the weight of all the rest, make all these ; in
fine powder reserve it for your use.
Take the green tops of hyssop elder flowers gathered at midsummer
the flowers of bugloss; bur ag the red flower gillyflowers, of
Each equal to the quantity; of the bigness of the still 8 or so
cut in slices take of the best Buttock beef you can get the
leave off the fat of the Cutt it in thin slices make a layer of your Larts
flowers and dalse then a layer of beef so of the heart again
at the top put on your still lead; with a gentile fire drain
the water as you do and of water of this give your patient
thrice a day morning Evening & night 3 spoonfuls all
at once with a little manus Crifly dissolved in it.
Take 4 sheeps hearts cut them in pieces take your Blood well from
them; take a quart of a pound of Currants 2 ounces of hartshorn
2 ounces of jury flowers 1 ounce of dates some mace & 4 cloves A little leaf
of gold, half a pint of claret wine; put them altogether in
a stone pot in a soaking oven strain it of; take a spoonful or
2 of it twice or thrice a day.
Take some forces lafog syrup of Alicompaine syrup of gillyflowers
mithridate tonic of roman wormwood mix of them a quantity
alike eat of it as often as you can
Take the last laid; Egg put put the white sugar tawny and flowers of brington
lily& ofe water warm it sup it up in a morning next your heart
Madam
Jane Loraine's Book 1684
Take coltsfootJH4990-n9 wood betonySRH2322-n1 vervainER4769-n8 with red rose leaves comfrey
roots; sliced of each a handful; boil all these in a little spring
water over a soft fire till it come to a pint; strain out these
herbs put these to a handful of sugar boil it up to a thin syrup
they must be boiled in[?] an earthenER4769-n5 pipkin well loaded covered
close to boil 12 hours
Take in the morning fasting and fast an hour after & walk abodeER4769-n1
take a new laid egg raw put the white out put in as much flower
of brimstone as will lay on 6 pence as much brown sugar
candy as will sweeten it and a spoonful of red rosewaterLCD7990-n2 that
you may drink it of
Take 2 or 3 blanched almonds beat them in a mortar put into
them sugar; picked raisins of the sun liquorice134 aniseeds in powder
1 dramGCB2294-n5 half an ounce conserveER4769-n2 of roses half a dramGCB2294-n5 of deatraw
sokosoramER4769-n4, 2 dramsGCB2294-n5 of white stenrickER4769-n9; beat them well together put
in syrup of violets till it be an electuary; you may make it up in
marchpaneAP8234-n2 without the syrup
Take a handful of maidenhair a handful of strigER4769-n7 coltsfoot
about half a scoreER4769-n6 of slices of elicampaneSA1523-n9 root 2 quarts74
of spring water to the herbs; let them simmer on a slow fire
till one quart74 be consumed strain it; put a pound of pound
sugar boil it to the height of a syrup on a soft fire; take a
spoonful in the morning; & at 2 o'clock in the afternoon
at night when: you go to bed it must be let down slowly that
it may be distilled upon the lungs
Take 6 dramsGCB2294-n5 of indian mace54; blanche them cut them into small pieces
pick out the blacks boil them in a quart74 of fair water till
two parts consume; take at one time 2 spoonfuls of Rhenish wine79
one of prunes one of lemons; of; orange take this after one o'clock
Take a handful of yarrowER4769-n10 stamp and strain it with: the yolks of
a new laid egg a good quantity of sugar a little wheat flour
make it into cakes bake it upon the hearth every morning eat
on it use some immediate exercise after it if a great quantity
be too much for the party; make the cake of a less proportion
Madam
Jane Loraine's49 Book 1684
Take the liver of a wolf, dry it in an oven cut it in thin slices
steep it in several vinegars till there be no tincture416 reduce them
into parts; give the quantity that will lie on your knife point
at a time in sack82 or any other convenient liquor take it 2
times a day every other day
Take 3 sheeps hearts slit them ; take out the strings & blood
lay them in soak a night and a day in red rose water: wash
them clean, put them in a pipkin lay in the bottom: stalks
of rosemary in mannar418 of a gridiron419 lay the parts on them
every heart being stopped with 3 cloves & half a quarter of sugar
being put in every heart stop it very close with paste, sit it
in an oven with household bread when you think they are suffi
ciently stewed, take the pipkin out. Every morning and night
take a spoon full of syrup
Take an ounce & a half of cherry roots thin sliced put
them in 10 pints of running water let them steep all night
boil them to 5 pints strain it keep it take a chicken when
it is dressed put in your belly one handful of French barley
2 drams of maidenhair 2 blades of mase a dram of liquorice
sliced. Boil it after it’s scummed to 3 pints put it in 3 ounces
of currants of the flesh of dates as much, boil it to a pint
and a half, strain it put to it a spoonful or 2 of rose water
and an ounce or more of sugar candy let it run through a
jelly-bag
Take a red cock cut in 4 quarters take a quarter of a pint of
white wine a handful of lungwort420 a handful of harts tongue421
a peniworth of aniseed a quarter of a pound of dates 4
fennel roots 4 parsley roots 1 stick of liquorice sliced 1 pound
and a half of raisons, stoned, 1 pound and a quarter of sugar
boil all these in an earthen pot close stopped with paste or
dough sit it in a kettle of water have another kettle of
water ready to fill; fill it as it washes be sure it be always
a boiling; let it boil from 6 of the morning to 6 at night
strain it take off the fat, when it's cold, drink every morning
5 spoonfuls lukewarm, when you go to bed drink as much of it
Extraction of malt 4 gallons of the strongest stir it on the fire con
tinually til it be the consistency of a salad; put it in a pot reserve
it for your use take every morning fasting a little quantity
Take white sugar [[undefined JAT4159-N16]] 4 ounces beat it reasonably small put it in
a silver dish; or earthen; well leaded[[undefined JAT4159-N6]] that will bide[[undefined JAT4159-N17]] fire add to it 8
ounce of good aquauity242 let it burn as long as it will still
stirring it with a spoon or knife when it leaves burning
let it cool put in 2 ounces of raphe water[[undefined JAT4159-N18]] keep it in a glass
let the patient take a spounful to beds ward[[undefined JAT4159-N1]] and a spoonful
in the morning its approved
Take alicompaine roots, figs[[undefined JAT4159-N12]], licorice white wine vinegar[[undefined JAT4159-N8]]
and water; a pint[[undefined JAT4159-N11]] of both a sprig of rosemary 2 peniworth64
of each of the other things this is very good
Take conserve of roses[[undefined JAT4159-N19]]; conserve of coltsfoot[[undefined JAT4159-N20]]; syrup of
maiden hairs[[undefined JAT4159-N4]] white sugar candy[[undefined JAT4159-N10]] as much of each as will
make an electuary, add as many drops of spirit of we
lricell spirit of sulpher[[undefined JAT4159-N5]] as will make it last sharp & quick
Take coltsfoot[[undefined JAT4159-N2]] scabious[[undefined JAT4159-N21]]: comfrey of the juice of those 3 herbs
4 quarts74 put to these a quart74 of the juice of elecampane118
slamped by itself let them stand in a convenient place
over the fire to boil together when: it boils take it off scum84
it very clean; when: its cold put it in a glass let it boylestand all
night set it on a fire again boil it, before it boils put
in for every, quart74 of juice so many pounds and quarts74 of
sugar scum84 it well till there is not scum84 seeth87 it till
it come to a syrup[[undefined JAT4159-N22]]
Take half a pint[[undefined JAT4159-N11]] of honey[[undefined JAT4159-N3]], put into it one pennyworth64 of pudding
of elecampane[[undefined JAT4159-N14]] one pennyworth64 of anil seeds204 one pennyworth64
of caraway seeds18 1 pennyworth64 of coriander seeds[[undefined JAT4159-N26]] 2 pennyworth64
of sweet fennel seeds[[undefined JAT4159-N7]] 2 pennyworth64 of the pouding of licorice[[undefined JAT4159-N15]] they
must be beaten very small stir it amongst the honey[[undefined JAT4159-N3]] very
well eat of it first in the morning last at night in the
night if need require take about half a spoonful at a time
you may make more as you please
Take a pint of spearmint water[[undefined JAT4159-N24]] half a pint of plantain water[[undefined JAT4159-N25]]
put them together sweeten them with an once of brown
sugar candy[[undefined JAT4159-N9]] when ever you cough take 2 spoonful night
or day.
Boil figs; fenugreek433 seeds bruised; linseeds434bruised of Each
1/2 an ounce or less in a quart of ale with half the quantities
of dyspathy435 of the rest of the Ingredients, juice these
3 or 4 days or more if need be
Take marsh mallow's roots437 washed and scraped sliced thin
3 quarters of an ounce of french barley A spoonfula sp
ounfull, a pipin438 sliced, Licor439 as asmuch as of themarsh
mallows roots & antiseeds440 1/2 a spoonful boil these in
3 pints of spring water; to something more then a pint
strain it; put to it 10 0r 12 great Almonds balanced441 & beaten
very Well, with 2 spoonfuls of rid rose water adding
a sufficient quantity of white sugar Candy235 with a pint
of the clearest Licor442 strain them hard throw a Clean cloth
Keep it for your use
Take[?] half an ounce of gum dragon249 steep it in rid rosewater
a[?] night take 10 ounces of double refined sugar beat it sear
it,[?] 3 ounces of Brimstone443 finely flowered mingle444 it with the
ums;[?] put it in a mortar beat it to paste take it out strew
sugar on the bottom[?] role them out, cut them into lozinger121
Take honey; alicompain445; in power of brimstone mastic aniseeds
bruised, miser canture447 the conserve448 for a Child, as much flower of
brimstone as will cover 3 pence alicompain 2 pence mirr 3 pennyworth64
take of it at your pleasure
Take turnips; slice them bake them: in a stone pot between Every layer
strew450licor as; sweet fennel seeds bruised, strain it to Every pint
of Juice a pound of brown sugar candy boil it to a syrup
Take maidenhair;451 1 handful of dates 1 handful of blew figs 1
quarter of rosa solis452 1 quarter half an ounce aniseeds 1 quarter pound
of pd453 of sugar candy green licor as 1 quantity of pd put into an Earths
Take Alicompaine; butter & nutmegs boil them together there with
anoint the stomach
Take orange flower butter capons grease,oil of ma [...]e may butter
of Each a like quantity mix all together anoint the stomach
Lay it on a brown paper spread with Candle grease drop in
your own water
Take the blood of 2 hares; as much sheep; or goats milk mix them well together; set them a boiling in a new pot boil them till the [...] come to a boil, that which beaten to powder & finely seared cod give to the patient a good quantity in a little fountain of water lukewarm to try it put a flower into it; lukewarm with a tall water blood warm; in half an hour it will dissolve the stone to powder
Take a quart [...] of white wine; of coriander seeds plantain seeds of each half an ounce mother: of lime 1 handful boil all together, to a pint then sweeten it with English honey let the patient drink of it when he of growth pain.
Take an ounce of spermaceti455; cloves, make cinnamon of each 2 ounces ; small pepper, barberry'sBC7105-n1 licoriceSA1523-n25; of each 2 peonyQC0337-n2 3 date stones, red sage 1 handful red fennel acorn of oak 4 cloves lily roots , burn likewise 3 or 4 oyster's shells in the fire till everyshell be divided, take the insides beat them to powder: & all other mentioned after they and dried 4 beaten severally; searceSF6798-n8 them finely mingle them altogether mingle your spermaceti amongst the powder, which done drink it as often as occasion serves in ale or beer warm as poun[-] full at a time, in extremity of pain; when urine stops take a good handful of parsley roots boiled in ale till half is con [-]sumed, boil it in 30 damask prunes, strain it put in 1 or 2 spoonfuls of the powder for the stone
Take 3 gallons of rhenishSF6798-n1 wine or the best white wine you can get when you still it; put into it filipendulaQC0337-n3 saxifrageSA1523-n16 pellitoryAP2166-n16 of y[-] wall chamomile, and grumillQC0337-n4, of each 2 handfuls fennel seeds parsley seeds, & grumill seeds of each 1 ounce the herbs must be wrung in pieces between your hands, the seeds lightly boiled you may draw out of, 3 quarts very good. when strawberries are very ripe take as many as the liquor will contain, clean picked put them into the liquor into a wide mouthed glass stop it very close let it stand in a w[-] -dow where the sun may come love it, every 2 or 3 days as the strawberries fall to the bottom of the glass still put in more till the glass is so full it will hold no more, stop it very close, set it in a window or garden, take it in each night, this do till the strawberries be turned very white strain it from them throw a fine cloth, put it in the same glass again, put to it 1 quart makin or the best muscadine, take one pound white sugar candy roll it very small [--] it to your aquavit stirring it well together stop your glass very close sit it in i[-] sun again shaking it every day till all the sugar be melted [ ] keep [-] it for your vase when you are in extremity take three spoonfuls of this &
two of parsley water412 in a morning fasting & at night when you
go to bed; or after your first sleep for prevention, take one spoon
full of this and 2 of parsley water morning and night for three
days together the herbs and seeds must be steeped every night
before you distill it; it must be distilled in alimbeck142
T[?]ake roots of asparagus licorice, smallageMB9584-n2 parsley & fennel boiled
in possitdrinkSF6798-n10 made of equal parts of white wine & ale drink
plentifully thereof
Gather elder berries when they are ripest dry them that they may beat
to powder, drink a spoonfull of the powder as often as you can
and it will speedily give you ease
Rue water 3 times distilled, you may take 2 or 3 spoonfulls, 3
days together before morning
Take a pint of white wine; heat a black flint stone red hot quench415
it in your wine heat it again do as before several times your flint
will dissolve into powder, strain it through a tiffanyEB6866-n17 or fine strainer
Put gumm as a beck that is clear, gumdragant or gum of cherries
or plum tree of either so much as a very large nutmeg
with sugar, 4 times this quantity, hang this inlawn or
sarsenet in a quart of beer or ale drink of this, as you drink
itfill itagain, continue the longer the better
Take medlar kernels, under 18 dates stones 5 egg shells not too black
set 3 dried elderflower 2 spoonfuls, beat all this into a pie
=portion a [...] powder, every morning take the weight of 6 pence in
draughts of warm clarified ale, or white wine & of it drink
after the patient drunk this let them lie on there back a
quarter of an hour rise exercise by riding of a trotting
=horse, or leaping from steps; every 4th morning let
the patient take something to keep him solable
Take gromwell seed smalig seed Alexander seed parsley seed
bruise them very fine, mix some sugar with, with it take
a spoonful every morning drink 2 or 3 spoonfuls of
beer warm after it
Take a gallon of milk of plantin sheperd's purse knot grass[[undefined ID7060n-2]]
of each a good handful a little handful of St John's wort[[undefined ID7060n-3]]
shred all those small still them in the milk as long as it
will run drink half a pint of this at a time blood water
with a spoonful of marshmallows[[undefined ID7060n-4]] at a time in it
Broom seeds ash chats[[undefined ID7060n-5]] got to powder taken in white wine as
much as will lie on a shilling in the morning
Take leaves of pellitory of the wall mixed with oil of sweet
almonds in manner of poultice[[undefined ID7060n-7]] laid to the pained part; cures
Take flower of parsley seed, as much salt of prunelly[[undefined ID7060n-10]]
in fine powder measure them equally make them up in pills w
Venice turpentine[[undefined ID7060n-11]] swallow 5 of them in a morning fasting
Black shoemaker's wax[[undefined ID7060n-13]] work it against the fire with your
fingers; work amongst it some pepper finely beat in
when it's wrought together spread it on a cloth only
it to the lumps you will find it will hinder them from
breaking forth
Take lignum gratia[[undefined PL9223-N1]], bark, 2 ounces sassafras[[undefined PL9223-N2]], & sarsaparilla[_]
jallop[[undefined PL9223-N3]] harmad actills, of each 6 drams, of the best senna
polypod[[undefined PL9223-N5]] of each 2 ounces aniseeds fennell seeds of each
one ounce nutmegs[[undefined PL9223-N7]] 4 ounces, scabious[[undefined PL9223-N8]], agrimony, femita[_][[undefined PL9223-N9]]
but any, could foot[[undefined PL9223-N10]], horehound[[undefined PL9223-N11]] of each a handful lun[_]
up this in 4 gallons of dill[[undefined PL9223-N12]]
Take a handful of broom of low & dried, 2 handfuls rob[_][[undefined PL9223-N15]]
under[[undefined PL9223-N16]] the hedge but any one handful the flowers of white
archangel[[undefined PL9223-N17]] [_] handful; smallage one handful put these
into 4 gallons of ale when: it is 5 days old drink of it, and
no other drink, for a month together drink it with
your meat
Take celandine, the grea[s] of goose dung[[undefined PL9223-N19]] a little honey &
a little turpentine, make these into an ointment: but let them
not come on the fire[[undefined PL9223-N20]]. put it in boar's grease[[undefined PL9223-N21]] to use it
Take a great peck of snails in their shells put them into an oven
heat as for small things sweep it clean, slop them up as
long as they make a noise, take them out put them into
a boil of water, wash them clean in 2 or 3 waters, pick
them out of their shells, wash them well in beer541, take
them out beat them with their shells in a lone mortar
take 3 quarts74 & better, of great red Earth worms run
a bodkin 14 through them slit them clean down put them in a
colander scour them with salt twice over, wash them in
beer 542; beat them in a mortar, set your pot in the bottom
2 good handfuls of Angelico 143, celandine 147Agrimony543, wood
Sorrel544betony, of Each 2 handfuls, Rosemary
flowers 3 great handfuls, bear's foot 545 and rue of
Each a handful inner bark of barberrysred dock
roots syruped 546, the piths taken out, of Each 2 handfuls
fenugreek, turmeric, of each one ounces, well beaten
lay the herbs[?] to the bottom, pour on 3 gallons of the
strongest ale, 2 quarts of sack, put in the snails
& worms with 6 ounces of hartshorn filed 3 of clove G 547
beaten grossly 1 shillings worth of saffron, lay on
the fenugreek & tumeric , so let them stand allto-
gether one night at the feast, Close stopped, in the
morning set on the alemic, paste it close, recieve
the water in pints, as other waters keep, the first pint
by itselfyoumay draw from this quantity six
[...] quarts, mix them so as they may keep
Take 3 drops of cat's blood if a boy a doe catJTP7516-n1 if a girl
a buck catJTP7516-n2, the virtues of the water above, excellent for
[...] consumption the smallest sort drink 3 a day with white
sugar candy235, good for black and yellow jaundice701 taken with
a[?] few lice thrice a day, and a little wine glass at a time for
the colic702 falling sicknessJTP7516-n5 convulsions or any sounding
distempers704 for worms fevers, smallpox or to drive any
thing from the stomach for any sounding fits, though time
of the moon must be observed, 3 days before & after the chan
ge, and so the full, give a child for convulsions 3 of its own
spoonfuls706, mixed with half as much beer a little sugar 3 times
a[?] day morning, at 4 a clock, and at night as near you can,
if it have nothing for an hour before, & after, give it
t[?]hus three weeks or a month together or any time when you
percieve the fit coming or in the fit, observe the moon as it
[...]
Take 6 gallons of strong ale 6 ounces of hartshorn a handful
of cloves beaten in a mortar; 6 ounces of saffron, & 2 pennyworth
turmeric, 2 pennyworth of angelica, columbine406 leaves, wormwood
barberry bark407 the inner, which is yellow of each a good handful
a peck177 of white snails in their shells, make a clear charcoal
fire put the snails into the fire. cover them over when they have
done there maybe take them out, wipe snails and shells, with a clean
cloth; brush them
Take sage, celandine, rue wormwood mugwort marigold leaves
and flowers, pimpernel dragons scabious balm141 elderGB2604-n5 agri
=monia (scordium)teucrium scordium sentry plant tops and flowers, Carduus Benedictus, betony
flowers & leaves, rosa solis of each of these, a good handful
alicompaine roots, angelica, peony roots ceterach411 & torment
= ill liquorice roots of each half an ounce slice the roots wash
the herbs, shake them and dry them in a cloth, shred them
put them in a gallon of white wine, steep them 2 days and 2 nights. Close stopped, distilledthem, when you give it warm
it put in a little sugar give 3 or 4 spoonfuls to a man, & a child 6 spoonfuls
Take new horse dung as soon as it's fallen either house horse425
or at the grass, 2 or 3 balls of it, put it in small Ale426
set it over the fire, let it seethe88 a littlestrain it give
the party a good draught423 off it
Take the flowers off wall, of wall flowers singlestalk
gillyflowers431, four handfuls of rosemary flowers 3 handfuls
of damask rose leaves a handful marigold flowers, 4
handfuls of pink flowers a handful of balm leaves 2
handfuls cowslip430 flowers, and clove gillyflowers431 of each
4 handfuls, you must get all these flowers as the time of yearyear
afford it, put them all in a quart74 of canary sack, in a stone
pot close stopped with a cork, sometimes stiring them together
when all your flowers are infused in the quart74 of sack82, add to
them a quart74 more of sack82 put to them cinnamon, grossly427
beaten, half an ounce of aniseed, grossly427 beaten
1 ounce or 2 nugmegs sliced, English saffron428 2 penny
worth64 after this be infused, in the sack82 & well incorparated
together, in the flowers, distil all these in a cold still429 closed
with paste, having in the nose of the still429, 3 grainsAKMH2521-n3 of musk
one of Ambergris3 that the distilled water may run through
into the glass, distil it with a hot fire when it's distilled
put to it 6 ounces of fine sugar candy finely beaten, set
the glass one hour in warm water, to dissolve it, of this take
3 spoonfuls at a time; 3 days in a week fasting or when you
are ill, it comforts the heart, and infinitely revives your spirits
Take southernwood, bugloss15, that grows in the field mugwort
sinicle[?], stonewort, aranes[?] dandelion, wormwood brittany plant
12 ribwort white spotted, daisy roots honey suckle leaves hawthorn
buds, comfrey, wildangelica, strawberry leaves Eyre
mon[?] 1, oak leaves, bramble buds, sinke foile[?], mint scabius
violet leaves saxafrige, take of all these herbs well mingled
together one handful, put them in a pot of white
wine, and a gallon of fair running water boil all these
together until half be consumed, strain the liquor from
the herbs put to it a quart74 of good honey boil it again
stirring it well, bring cool, put it in a glass for your use
let the party drink 3 spoonfuls lukewarm, first in a
morning late in the Evening until he has drank a quarter
it good for all sores new and old wounds in the body new
or old, laying upon it a plaster of wax & honey, for
womans breasts or purified bones[?], causing them to scale
for aches in the stomach, for breaking an impastim[?] causes
it come out it has driven bullets out of mens bodys having
teon long their, and healed its a present remedy for stopping
of blood, these herbs must be gathered in May, dried
within doors keep them for your use take of these each alike
quantity
Take 6 gallons of ale senna 4 ounces rhubarb sliced 1 ounce
polypody534 3 ounces, yellow dock roots 6 ounces, & half a hand full
of succory roots 4 drams of fennel roots, parsley roots of
each 3 roots fennel seeds caraway seeds anise seeds of
each 2 drams, put all these in a bag; ceterach535 liverwort
hart's-tongue agrimony scabious536, betony537 of each a pretty
hand full, scurvy grass 6 handfuls boil your roots seeds
& herb's in 2 gallons of it strain it hand mingle
it with the rest well, mingle it with the yeast Lunn it up on
the bag let it worke, having wrought slop it up close
at 12 days old drink it 3 times a day till its out.
Take drop, madienhair, betony537 scabious536, of each a hand full
succory cress538 brooklime of each 2 handfuls, 2 fennel roots
2 parsley roots 3 ounces liquorice put them in an earthen pot
boil all these in a gallon of candy water to a pottle stra
in it put in 3 ounces of sense 1 ounce of rhubarb, & half
lurpeth539 2 drams anise seeds fennel seeds of each 1 ounce
let them stand there in 12 hours, strain it, put in a pound
loaf sugar, in powder, take a beer glass in thee morning.
Take root of monk rhubarb red madder540 of each half a pound
sense 4 ounces anise seeds liquorice of each 2 ounces scabious536 agrimony
of each a hand full, slice the roots, bag the agrimony anise seeds
& liquorice break the with your hand put them in a stone
stand with four gallons of strong ale &
to steep or infuse the space of 3 days drink it as you dre[?]
your ordinary drink for 3 weeks together, against these, be
done, [...] have as much more ready keep a good diet
The body must first be prepared, then the ale608 is to be taken
a whole year together, take, egrymony596, mugwort, smallege
herb Robert597, of each 3 handfuls, herb cated598, seranhulary599
4 handfuls of the roots of seronhulary, root or pine of each
half a pound, cheny roots half a pound, of pilewort600 roots
4 ounce, red sage601 a good handful, of sarsaparilay, small
slit and cut 6 ounces shaving, saxafrag 2 ounce larymace602
half an ounce sweet fennel seeds609 and caraway603 seeds of
each 1 ounce & a half cut these small bruise them a little sav
ing the sarsaparily saxafrag, mace602, boil these in 4
gallons of good water till 3rd part be consumed set it from
the fire let it cool 10 hours, let it run through a clean
hippocras bag604, being cold have ready 6 gallons of the sa[?]
water, not sod605 with anything aforenamed, but only [...][?]
wrought610 with yeast606, mix the aforesaid water so boil with
this ale608, so let it work well, turn up the runlet607 about [...][?]
Take of monk's rhubarb, 4 ounces of fir[[undefined OW0892-N1]] root, 2 ounce⟨s⟩
of succory99 root, burnet root,[[undefined OW0892-N2]] fennel root, of each 1 ounce
herbs or scurvy grass[[undefined SRH2322-N5]], succory99 harts tongue germander[[undefined OW0892-N3]]
brooklime[[undefined OW0892-N4]] water crasis[[undefined OW0892-N5]], agrimony of each 1 handful
2 sl⟨i⟩ced pipings[[undefined OW0892-N6]] with the skin upon them flowers of prim
roses violets buds of broom[[undefined OW0892-N7]], of each half a handful
3 spoonfuls of capers, dried up in a napkin, 3 ounce⟨s⟩ of
senna 1 ounce and a half of good rhubarb fennel seed
coriander seed white sanders[[undefined OW0892-N8]] of each half an ounce
take 2 nutmegs cut in pieces put all in a bag, put the
bag in 4 or 5 gallons of new drink[[undefined OW0892-N9]], beer or ale, drink
of it after it's stood 30: or 40 days
While you use this diet drink use often to eat new laid
eggs with a good quantity of sliced nutmegs, jump it[[undefined OW0892-N10]]
in them 3 or 4 times a week use to drink burnt claret
no other spice but nutmegs and that⟨'⟩s laid with rose
water
Madam
Jane Loraine's49 Book c.1685
Take scurvygrassShannon Richardson-Hall 8 handfuls phemetary 2 handfuls of
agrimony made hard, romish wormwood, sage of each one
handful, polipodice of the oak 1 ounce, lignum graicum
2 ounce Saxifrage 1 ounce, licorice scraped 2 ounce, sena
picked &cleansed from the stalks 8 ounces, rhubarb & agreek
spread of each half an ounce aniseed 1 ounce cut the herbs
bruise the seeds, put them in a bucket or bag, hang them in a
barrell, containing 12 gallons of new beer, let it be 6 days &
drink it morning & evening a good draught as it works
more or less: nutmeg or sugar, or without as the party
likes, this continues for 8 or 10 days, put them into the bag 1
ounce of such seeds as rectifies the wind, of your sena
cardimums & good
Take the juice of scurvygrass 1 pint, juice of water cresses
half a pint juice of Brooklime half a pint, sage scabious
agrimony748 of each a handful mace & nutmeg of each
an ounce, put the juices in 5 gallons of new ale, let
it work: it chop the other herbs & spices, put them
in a little bag with a piece of lead, put it in after 4 or
five days drink it
Take a pound of blue currants pickthem, rub them clean in a
cloth put a part of them in a little Earthen pot lay upon
them a sprig of rosemary, a sprig of basil, some bittany [[undefined JP8364-N1]]
lay more currants upon them, lay them thus in that in layers till you have put in all yourcurrants pour muskedine[[undefined JP8364-N4]] on them, till
they be covered, paste up the pot close set it in the oven
bake it when its Enough draw it , but not uncover it like it
be cold, take a spoonful of this, first in the morning or
any other time you please
Take Agremony, Scabios, famatary,pimpernell scurvygrass
of each 1/2 a handful chiny sarsaparilla, of each one ounce and a halfe an ounce of apples a handfull of corriander
seed, two ounce of capers, one ounce epithymum
red lilies 3 drams agar, 2 drams dacler 2 drams
senna Alexandrina 2 ounce and a half three gallons
of ailey
Take spanish liquorice 4 ounce, the best cinnamon 1 ounce +
aniseeds, sweet fennel, seeds 1 ounce coriander seed pre
pair 6 grams of the purest lofe sugar 1 pound,beat
them into powder, divide them into 10 parts, so there be 2
ounces in a paper, for your (3rde)third mingle them with water
when you would drink it
Take a peck of coulls foot, more than half a peck of cow
slipp[[undefined MC1634-N1]] 3 handfuls of rosemary flowers, 2 handfuls of
flowers & leaves of pansys, 2 handfuls of the tops of
Æsop[[undefined MC1634-N2]] beat all these in a morter, strain them with a (pin)pint
of jsop water[[undefined MC1634-N3]], when its strained third is to be bottled then
an ale pinte of juice & jsop together take the juice of clarify
it with 6 whites of eggs put them in the juice , let it boil
till it grow clear strain it set it on the fire againe, put
into it 2 pound and a half of white sugar Candy finely [...]
let it boil, stirring it, so that a drop will hang long on your
finger, have ready a pound of liquorice finely beaten, &
first, stir it in the syrup, measuring out a quarter of
a pound to make up the roulet let the Liquorice boil in
it a quarter of an hour, take it of, stir it with a ladle till
it be somthing while, beat it in a morter which will
make it whiter then to make it in little rolls, lay them on
plates set them in a stove to dry, put them in
boxes, set them to dry.
Take good strong white wine vinegardistill it in a lymbeck
of glass, the first liquor is fleing[?] which doth not serve for
this, when the drops grow sourer, change the receiver[[undefined MC1634-N4]] in stilling
other in sand or ashes, till 2 parts of the good liquor
be past into the receiver[[undefined MC1634-N4]] , if you distil any longer it will
smell of burning, take good seed pearl[[undefined MC1634-N5]] finely washed
and powdered, grosly[[undefined MC1634-N6]] put it in a glass vessel pour
upon it, of the spirits above said, as much as goes
3 or 4 inches upon the pearl let it work on warm
sand, till you see no ebullition [[undefined MC1634-N7]], that all the body of the
pearl be dissolved, its the better if not power gently
Of the dissolution, put more of the spirits upon the body
till all be dissolved, strain the liquor in a glass funnel
through a fine sponge mean while you are making up r
ation, make a strong brine[[undefined MC1634-N8]] with stum[[undefined MC1634-N9]] distil with rain
water strain it through a sponge cap– paper[[undefined MC1634-N10]] in a glass
funnel, mingle the 2 layers of dissolved pearles & stum[[undefined MC1634-N9]]
together in a glass bason let it stand all wellcovered 2 days
themagistery willprecipitate or fall to the bottom as white
as snow from which draw this liquor dry the magistery on
a fine stone of chalk laying a cloth betwixt, being dry,
keep it for your use, whichdo with the brine of slam
you may do with the oil of vitriol for the precipitation
Take 3 gallons muscadine, ginger, galangal cinnamon
nutmeg, a quarter of an ounce cloves aniseeds fennel
seeds caraway a quarter, sage mint rosemary, dried red
rose leaves, wild pellitory of the wall camomile
lavender, flowers dried of each of these 2 handfuls
bruise the spices by themselves wash the the herbs clean
bruise them put all together in a brass pot let them
stand close stoped distil it in an almebic
the virtues of this comforts the spirits vitally
helps inward diseases that come of cold coughs
helps contractions of thethe sinews helps the conception
of a baron womb kills worms in thebelly tooth
ache helpsdropsy and stone
Syrup elderberries against surfeit either of drink
or any meat or cold, or stone or stangury or dropsy
those that takes it for any of these take 3 spoonfuls
at a time use it the after the better
you must take theberries off the stalk put them in after
pewter or latten pot set them in a kettle of hot water
let them boil till they will strain as you do
other berries make them into syrup some with sugar
some with honey
Take 1/2 pound of the chips of guaiacum 3 ounces of the bark
thereof 1 ounce of liquorish as much coriander seeds infuse
them in 7 quarts of water, all night boil them down
gently, next morning to 5 quarts let all settle bottle up
the clear for your use let the party drink thereof, thri--[?]
every day morning at 3 o'clock in the afternoon and bedtime
if you sweat once a week it will be better its a sure cure
for the above said distemper with God's blessing
Take a handful of rosemary as much betony 3 ounce of
elecampane root, a handful of wormwood boil them
in a pot of spring water till half be consumed
Put in 2 quarts of white wine let it boilsoftly a quart of anhourtake a quarter of an hourTake a quarter of a pintof it before mealsor after as youplease
Fell an old cock, seeth him well with polypodiumEG5999-N1 seeds drinkthe broth, it helptheecolicsecondlythe heart, angilico sunder EG5999-N2in water dry up all thee superfluous moisture as timpany EG5999-N3 dropsy, thirdly use botany & thee flowers, thereof, anyway against the dropsy, fourthly ale of wormwood EG5999-N4, for dropsy or sage drunk with the powder of calamus arimaticus EG5999-N5 5thly seethe cress in wine, drink it against thee 6thly drink the juice of damewort EG5999-N6 of the roots thereof with wine 4 days to help the dropsy tho it haus continued a year or use the syrup of thee juice thereof stamp the root of the flower de luce EG5999-N7 strain it with white wine drink it for thee dropsy, in the body 8thly for the dropsy in the beginning, seethe germanderEG5999-N8, though flower thereof, with a lille botany EG5999-N9in wine or water strain it, sugar it drink thereof 3 times a day, 9thly take 9 drops of ride mint, 9 drops of blindnettles EG5999-N10, 9 drops of sage, stamp them drink them in stale ale, morning and evening 10thly distil sage, centaury water EG5999-N11 unknown 5 letter word [?]of each alike drink the water 11thly seethe the roots of smallage, fennel powly[?] of each alike, make thereof syrup with sugar & wort EG5999-N12drink it morning & evening for thee dropsy in the belly12thly for thee dropsy in the belly, seethe sow thistles EG5999-N13, the roots thereof 13thly stamp one pount of the leaves of wormwood, finely, put thereto 4 pound of thee white sugar till it be well incorporated keep it in a close glass take everyday 1 ounce before meat, 3 hours 14thly seethe honey in wine, and drink it.
Take livers and galls of eels dried to powder in a glass of rab or jack.
mitander [?] felwort EG5999-N14pennyroyal 1 quart of white wine 6 pennyworth of sparmasity EG5999-N15 a pennyworth of leeks boil ⟨boyle[?]⟩in water lay on your navel as warm as you can suffer it.
Take powder of date stones white over dragons blood powder DP3629-N1 of
cinnamon and pearl of each a like quantity mix them well together give
the in burnt wine spirit of saffronDP3629-N2is good to take in labour
Take half a pint of white wine a spoonful and half of ale
oil a much sparmasity DP3629-N4as will lie fit on a sixpence put all there to
gether give it the woman warm by the gods little it will make be delivered thoughthechild be dead oilnutmeg is good in this case to :- :- :- :- :- :- :-
Take pennyroyal boiled in white wine pretty with unknown unknown
is good so is powder of amber DP3629-N5 with spirit of saffron or any other com
foufable water :- :- :- :- :- :- :- :- :-
Take womans milk milkt onto drink strong and hot the fire make the
woman drink it in husband's water DP3629-N6 is good - - - - - -
to bring away a dead child groundsel boiled in water drunk or tund in aye[?] in ey
Take date stones beaten to powder beaten to powder white amber in fine powder DP3629-N5
prepared cumin of each a like quantity of saffron half
the quantity of one of them make them all in a most fine powders
give of this after delivery two or three times with a little
possetale mase alesometimes in faintin in a littlemalmesyDP3629-N8
and not two much :- :- :- :- :- :- :- :-
take frankinsence lay it upon hot coals gather the smoke
into a piece tifiny DP3629-N9 take tifiny apply
it to the foundament :- :- :- :- :- :- :-
take new milk anateds fennel seeds yolk of an egg brown sugar boil it well put it in the bag warm give it when you're
Boil in all their caudles mothers of time balm sage if need be
when laid in 14 days drink most broths made of 2 or 3 sorts
of meats make it of big put in fruit unless you be troubled
with a looseness778
Take spearmint fried in butter very crisp lay it on the navel
on a cloth its very good
Take sage and a piece of paste put your sage in it set it in
the oven let it stand till it be truly baked it must be
very close when its baked enough crumble it very small
put it in a bag hang it in a barrel of ale
Take burnt brandy put juice of tansy781 as much as brandy drink
it
Take new made swines dung782 lay it upon a cloth to the privates
Take the pith of an ox back picked from all vaines and strings a good dish full
beat it in a stone mortar or wood dish with a pint of good muscadine that is old
strain it and put to it 3 pints of muscadine this strained and well mingled
put to it dats peeled from skins and stones well shred and beaten 2 ounce boil
these in a double vessal of water three hours close covered put into it whit
it white coral783 white amber784 prepared 1 dram1 dram of bole armoniac
of prepared peel 2 scruples785 of cinnamon the inner bark 3 drams let them
steep a whole night in warm water give of this four ounces morning
and afternoon add sugar half a pound of rosewater almost as
much as muscadine so take it as a caudle add sometimes the yolk of an egg
Take a handful of rosemary an ounce and a half of cinnamon 8 drams of
galangal thin slit 3 pints of claret wine half a pound of fine sugar
steep these together in a close pot drink of this every morning fast
ing especially after any fall or hurt
Takecloves a good quantityboil them in water strong of the clove drink it in sw
eetened with a little sugar also lay alicante 816 toasts EJW1566-n2 to the navel
Take white wax spermasity melt it put in oil of sweet almonds make
of this a searcloth as much as will serve to cover both the breasts well and
under the arms cutting holes for the nipples apply it warm instantly after
one is brought to bed let it lie 9 or 10 days if any hardness or redness in the
breast add oil of white lilys and roses violets all of one quantity and leave
1 out the oil of almonds
Take wax a little butterjus of sage dip a cloth in lay it warm to the
breast
Anonyt the breast with oil of pumpilyonEJW1566-n5as soon as they are delivered
Take camphry roots 822boiled in posit drink or milk egremony barbary leaves EJW1566-n8
boiled like hops in drink the drink is good take sage spread and eggs
beaten very well fry them like a pancake eat it sometimes
Take a new laid egg pour the white out stir the egg with a knife grate
a little nutmeg stir it amongst it fill up the egg with aqeuity EJW1566-n10 be sure you stir it
very well sup it of quickly before it curd so don for 4 o 7 mornings once a month
before you take this medicine be sure you purge your body with locus 826 or otherwise
cassia 827 eat of it a week o 14 days together some body will have a stool or 3 in a day
with as much the length of a mans finger others must have more
Take the marrow of a roasted shoulder of mutton a little reed rosewater a little
loaf sugar beat a piece of lead EJW1566-n13 out like a saucer EJW1566-n14 beat these ingredients in
it anoynt the nipples
Take hore hound 830 and mugwort boil them in water set the woman over the stove
To bring down them it may be used in child bed as at other
times to draw away ache or pain in the head
Doctor Rumpp
Take madder and salindine GCB2294-n8 of each a handful or madder alone chop it and
put to it as much salt as much leaven and wet it with vinegar mingle
it well together lay it upon the base of your feet let it lie 'till it's dry
take fresh again if need require powder of cinnamon cleanses or saffron
Take aniseedsSS0371-n6 nutmegs elecampane118 roots beat them to powder of each a like
quantity sears the powders take as much more of the quantity of sugar as
of the powders
Take pennyroyal unset hyssopSA1523-n6 mother-of-thyme feverfew mugwort madder
marigold flowers leaves germander betonySRH2322-n1 bugles mallows violet leaves
fennel parsley root with 4 or 5 blades of saffron boil all these in a
good quantity of ale drink a good draught of it morning and evening
Agrimony one handful wormwood and sentryAT6840-n4 of each half a handful boil it
in 3 pints of water 1 pint of white wine boil it half an hour then drink
every morning half a pint of it in the afternoon as much it's best to
be taken in spring
Sentry boiled in posset drink with currants is good or savin812 so boiled
and drund leaves of smallage worn in the shoes is good
Take yellow sentryAT6840-n4 three drams given in a dram of aniseedsSS0371-n6 caraway seeds in wine or
any other liquor is good
Take parsnips dry then beat them to powder then boil that powder in milk drink it
warm it helps
Take magistry of pearl powder of stell powder of amber powder of coral powder
of elecampane118 of each a quarter of an ounce mace cloves nutmegs of all a quarter
of an ounce as much double refined sugar of all these take as much as will lie on
sixpence in the morning at 6 o'Clock at four in afternoon waking after it
Take a pint of white wine a pint ale put into it sentry chamomile pennyroyal
vervain813 roman814 wormwood of the four one handful boil them a quarter of an hour
strain the herbs very hard put in two pennyworth of saffron dry the saffron
grind it very small tie it up in a thin rag thrust out the water of
it very well put in 3 peniworth of treacle Joan stir it all very well to
gether drink a gill every morning for 4 or 5 mornings together 3 or 4 days be
fore the full of moon stir it very well after put a spoonful of salad oil
to every half pint before you drink it
take sentry boiled in posset drink with saffron every morning for a fortnight
sitting at night over a steam made with wormwood germander lavender
mugwort hyssop chamomile with its flowers many aniseed caraway fennel cum
in linseed fenugreek bay berries juniper berries bryony roots lily parsley
over your infusion cover be costive use at your pleasure 3 gills of
pill ruffy[?] and extractirudy[?] of each a like quantity taking them when you
go to bed at last when you expect those apply 2 or three leeches to the emer
ald vains or let blood from the saphena vein of the foot
Take one handful of sheep's dung steep in as much ale as will cover them
strain it into a quart of ale beat one handful of rue a handful of south
ernwood with a little of the quart of ale strain out the herbs into a drink
put in 2 pennyworth of treacle 2 pennyworth of saffron rubbed to powder jumble
it when you go to drink it 2 gill at at a time warm as milk
To bring down them
Sentry boiled posset drink with currants is good or savin so boiled
Take red daisies plantain bloodwort self heal red sage cloves cinnamon bays
all these in red wine sweeten it with sugar give to a party afflicted
it is good to sit upon a black cloth or tie a spider in a cloth and hold it to
a place if in child bed by use of joints with scarlet silk
Take 2 or 3 spoonfuls of their own put it into a little warm drink or
candle lay a plaster made of bobeallmoneck[?] and whites of eggs to the
bottom of the belly
Take elecampane roots in powder in drams half a dram of powder of
hyssop powder of liquorice 1 ounce a half 3 drams of sugar candy mingle
it eat it in the morning